RuJHe's Short Guide to RaSHi(COPYRIGHT)(C) RashiYomi Incorporated Version 1.17, July 15 2006, Written by Dr. Russell Jay Hendel, President WORLD WIDE WEB Location for this documennt: http://www.RashiYomi.com/RashiShortGuide.htm CONTACT INFO--errata, ideas, requests: Email RJHendel@Juno.com--Errata,ideas,requests FREE EMAIL NEWSLETTER SIGNUP: To sign up for free Email Newsletters explaining Rashis in the current Parshah using the 10 RashiYomi methods email RJHendel@Juno.com VERSION INFORMATION: Version 1.1 1st released July 7 2006 Version 1.15 HTML Book July 9 2006 Version 1.17 Printable Version--Use Print Preview & Margins=0.6 July 15 2006 Version 1.2 Hyperlinks inserted July 30 2006 COPYRIGHT GUIDELINES: Although this monograph is available as a free download it is nevertheless protected by United States Copyright law. The RashiYomi corporation encourages students, teachers, Professors, and Rabbis to use this material, or excerpts of this material, as is, and with proper acknowledgement to the Rashiyomi corporation. Reproduction of this material for any commercial purpose is strictly prohibited. Citations of full examples from this work without proper acknowledgement to the Rashiyomi corporation is also strictly prohibited. Further inquiries (and suggestions!) on the use of this monograph may be obtained by emailing. RJHendel@Juno.Com In general it would be appreciated if appropriate acknowledgement is given to the ideas of this monograph consistent with citations in the academic world. |
IntroductionOverview: The purpose of this monograph is to provide a short, quick but comprehensive guide to the literary techniques and skills needed to produce mature, intelligent and correct literary commentary. The rules we present have wide applicability but their immediate application will be the review, understanding and classification of the comments of the first of the Biblical commentators, Rashi. This monograph will provide useful new material to a diverse audience including Rabbis, elementary school teachers, students, laymen, and professors and graduate students in either general literature or Biblical studies. This monograph will be equally useful to both those who have facility in reading Hebrew as well as those who just speak English. While this monograph is directed to those who believe in the Divinity of the Torah, such a belief is never assumed in this monograph and is not a prerequisite to mastering the methods presented in this monograph. The purpose of this introductory section is to clearly state our goals, targeted audiences, prerequisites, online resources, future publications, how to read and use the monograph, and also to clarify our particular contribution to learning Rashi, as presented in this monograph. Goals: We first give some background. The Bible or more specifically the Torah refers to the five Books of Moses, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. Numerous commentators during numerous periods spanning several centuries have written commentaries on the Bible. Rashi, Rabbi Sholomo the son of Rabbi Isaac, was the first of the Biblical commentators. In producing his comments Rashi was in large part guided by the Biblical comments contained in the entire Talmudic, Mishnaic and Midrashic eras which preceded him. All Rashi comments whether original or derived reflect the simple intended meaning of the text. There are many ways to approach Rashi. We approach Rashi through skill competencies. Here is a simple example: RULE: To form a plural in English suffix the letter s. Such a rule is a skill competency--it is something specific that is reproducible in a wide variety of situations. After one has mastered this rule one would recognize apples, pears as plural but pea as singular. If for example you read in a piece of literature that concentration camp victims were served pea and carrot you could make a Rashi type comment: Each inmate was given only one pea and one carrot. This shows how meager their rations were. Here we apply the skill competency to make an inference--one pea and carrot--We could then go further and explain why this one pea per inmate is important--it is important because it emphasizes the conditions.We can now state our basic thesis: All Rashi comments focus on the simple intended meaning of the text. There are 10 groups of skill competencies needed to understand all Rashis. These 10 groups subdivide into 30 skill competencies. A person who has mastered these skill competencies will be able to successfully reproduce all Rashi comments. A short word about our citation of actual Rashi comments. Since our goal is presentation of skill competencies the student should regard all citations of Rashis as paraphrases that help the student to understand only one component of the Rashi. We do not further comment on the various other aspects of the Rashi comments. From time to time we will illustrate how our explanations tie in with the full Rashi comment. As a simple example of what we don't do in this monograph consider the pea example brought above: A natural tendency of Rabbis, professors and historians would be to dwell on the horrible conditions of the concentration camp inmates--only one pea per inmate! This is certainly a worthwhile avenue of study - however in this monograph we focus only on the underlying skill competencies and do not dwell on the moral/historical consequences associated with Rashi comments. Consequently we would simply explain the pea example above as illustrating the plural formation rule and would not further comment on the implications of one pea per inmate.
Prerequisites To fully master this monograph a student should have a good English translation of the Bible and a solid high school education. In an appendix I indicate how the methods of this monograph can be applied to teachers of elementary school children. Online Resources: Today many learning resources are free. The English and Hebrew Bible as well as English translations of Rashi are available over the world wide net. URLs are presented below. This monograph is also free. It is located on the world wide web at the RashiYomi website whose url is below. Although this monograph is free it is governed by US copyright law. It is expected and appreciated that citations and links give appropriate acknowledgement.
The English citations in this monograph by and large come from the Davka CD roms with minor emendations by me. The numberings of the Rashi on each Biblical verse (Rashi a,b,c,d...of a particular verse) also follow the Davka CD rom. Davka has produced many electronic resources for the Bible and Rashi in both English and Hebrew. You can find a list at http://www.Davka.com. Acknowledgement: The contents of this monograph were first presented in January - March 2006 in the Adult Education series at the Ner Tamid synagogue in Baltimore, Maryland. The students had varied backgrounds. There was significant participation which will be acknowledged in the examples. Based on the positive response of the class I decided to write the monograph as a record of the lectures. Acknowledgement is given to Rabbi Landau for strongly advocating the adult education series, to the Ner Tamid synagogue for hosting the series and to my students for many lively and stimulating diaglogues. Acknowledgement is given to the recently deceased, Mrs. Perl Hendel, Vice President for the RashiYomi Corporation and her husband, Abraham Hendel, Vice President for the RashiYomi Corporation, for numerous advice, support and instructive ideas.
Use of this monograph: I give the same advice that the great Rambam gave in his introduction to the Sacrificial order of the Mishnah. A student wishing to maximally benefit from this monograph should sit down and read this monograph example by example. Full citations are given. Further references to the full Rashi texts as well as to full Hebrew Biblical texts will add dimension to the understanding of this monograph but are not necessary. After completing the monograph the student may wish to review using the lightning summary in the appendix. The student should repeat reviewing the Lightning Summary every day the same way (s)he reads the Shma and other prayers every day till they have committed it to memory. The student will then find that all Rashis are easy to understand using the methods of this monograph. Other resources: The Rashi database(whose URL is above) has as its goal the classification of all 7000 Rashi comments using the 30 Rashi methods presented in this monograph. There is also numerous material explaining each Rashi. The expected completion date of the Rashi database is 2010. Currently 60% of all Rashis have been explained. There are three newsletters explaining about a dozen Rashis every week. Those who wish to sign up may do so by contacting RJHendel@Juno.com.Finally, I am available for lectures to lay and teacher audiences.
Lesson 1 of 6
Example 1 - Notation
Since this is our first example we will use it to illustrate the anatomy of a Rashi and our notation. We begin with the citation of a Biblical verse. This verse is located in the 5th verse of the 26th chapter of the book of Deuteronomy. We abbreviate this using a 7 character notation: Dt26-05. We use two letter notations to refer to the 5 books of the Bible:Gn,Ex, Lv,Nu,Dt refer to Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy respectively. This verse Dt26-05 states as follows And you shall speak and say before the Lord your God, A wandering Aramean was my father, and he went down into Egypt, and sojourned there with a tiny number of people, and became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous; Rashi made several comments on several of the phrases in this verse. We are interested in the 4th Rashi comment. Notationally we refer to the first Rashi comment as comment a, to the second Rashi comment as comment b and to the 4th Rashi comment as comment d. The full notation for the verse and Rashi is consequently Dt26-05d, the d th Rashi on the 5 th verse of the 26 th chapter of the book of Deuteronomy. The actual Rashi comment on Dt26-05d is as follows: With a tiny number of people: 70 people.
We can summarize the above as follows: Rashi explains the word Tiny in Dt26-05 by using the other verse method which clarifies, using the other verse Gn46-27 that the meaning of Tiny in Dt26-05 is 70. Since this was our first example we went over it slowly. In future examples of the other verse method we will simply cite the two verses and show how they naturally lead to the Rashi comment. We will frequently use formatting such as underline to indicate correspondences. The Other verse method is the first of our skill competencies that we are presenting. We call it a skill competency because every time you see a Biblical verse you should attempt to provide further details using other Biblical verses. The inferences you arrive at may or may not be present in Rashi and other commentaries. But you will have the confidence of knowing that they are true comments. Acknowledgement I traditionally begin all Rashi classes and written works with the above Rashi because this identification of tiny with 70 occurs in the Passover Hagaddah. The Passover Hagaddah records the attempts once a year to arouse interest in Jewish education whether to those who are wise, rebellious, simple or apathetic. It seems that the Talmudic sages felt that the other verse method was just the right place to begin. We have therefore followed their lead. Example 2.1
|
Moses | Pharoh | Final decision |
lads | Warriors | Can go |
seniors | Warriors | Can go |
Sons | infants | Can not go |
daughters | infants | Can not go |
flocks | serve God | Can go |
Herds | serve God | Can go |
In this example Rashi focused on Pharoh's phrases no infants can go but warriors can go because that is what you seek. Indeed a further Rashi Ex10-11b comments on the Biblical phrase because that is what you seek Pharoh said: You, Moses, asked to offer sacrifices. But infants don't offer sacrifices. So we won't let the infants go. This second Rashi explains how Rashi made the decisions in the spreadsheet table. It would appear from this Rashi that Pharoh (on this occasion) allowed the animals to go also, since they were needed for the sacrifices.
We close today with a new Rashi method, the database method. In a certain sense every Rashi is the consequence of a database query. For example you might ascertain the meaning of a word by reviewing all verses with that word. However such a database query is simple and straightforward. When a database query has a certain degree of richness and complexity we say the database method is being used. The flavor of database Rashis is a flavor of discussion on something not completely finished.
Before presenting examples we note that modern database theory has greatly clarified the concept of a database. The Structured Query Language, SQL is a standard that was reached by consensus from many disciplines and clearly presents the essence of a database query. Fortunately the Rashi student need not understand technical database theory. However it is enriching to know that such queries follow specific and standard rules.
Today we ask the following query: What is associated with God's loss of temper To answer this query we must collect all verses where God loses his temper and seek an underlying pattern of consequence.
Here is a short list of verses where God loses his temper
We see the pattern. God's anger being kindled is always followed by some type of punishment. Let us now examine two possible exceptions.
Verse Nu22-21:22 states And Balaam rose up in the morning, and saddled his ass, and went with the princes of Moab. And God’s anger was kindled because he went; and the angel of the Lord stood in the way as an adversary against him. Now he was riding upon his ass, and his two servants were with him. We don't however find any punishment of Bilam nearby. But in verses Nu31-01:02,07:08 we find And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, Avenge the people of Israel of the Midianites; afterwards shall you be gathered to your people. ... And they warred against the Midianites, as the Lord commanded Moses; and they slew all the males. And they slew the kings of Midian, beside the rest of them who were slain; that is, Evi, and Rekem, and Zur, and Hur, and Reba, five kings of Midian; and Balaam, the son of Beor, they also slew with the sword. Here we see the same pattern: God's anger followed by punishment; however the punishment is not textually nearby.
Armed with the results of this database query we can understand the Rashi on verses Ex04-12:14 Now therefore go, and I will be with your mouth, and teach you what you shall say. And he [Moses] said, O my Lord, send, I beseech you, by the hand of him whom you will send. And the anger of the Lord was kindled against Moses, and he said, Is not Aaron the Levite your brother? I know that he can speak well. And also, behold, he comes forth to meet you; and when he sees you, he will be glad in his heart. Again although God's anger was kindled we find no subsequent punishment--not even a punishment which is textually distant.
Rashi comments at Ex04-14a: Note the underlined phrase Aaron the Levite. Nowhere else do we find Aaron called a Levite (He was a priest). From this subtle extra word we infer that Moses was punished as follows: Had he listened to God he would have been both prophet and priest. However because he refused to go he was made the nation's prophet but not their priest (The priesthood was given to Aaron).
Understanding this distinction--derivation from a word vs. derivation from a database query--is fundamental to understanding Rashi.
Is this Rashi comment the simple meaning of the text or is it homiletic? The response to this is simple: A database query on any text reveals the simple intended meaning of the text. The principles uncovered are part and parcel of the text and are transferable to other situations. However reviewing a database is tricky. Maybe there are other examples that were overlooked. Maybe there is another way to generalize the rules. For this reason the flavor of Database Rashis is one of discussion and non-full certainty.
Database Rashis may be equally understood and inferred using either an English or Hebrew text.
We continue our review of Rashi methods from previous lessons. Verse Ex12-21c states Then Moses called for all the elders of Israel, and said to them, Draw out and take a lamb according to your families, and kill the Passover lamb. Quite simply Rashi clarifies the meaning of the underlined phrase according to your families by citing an other verse which provides further details Verse Ex12-03 states Speak to all the congregation of Israel, saying, In the tenth day of this month they shall take every man a lamb, according to the house of their fathers, a lamb for a house;
Rashi only cited the last phrase of Ex12-03 a lamb for a house. We have expanded Rashi by citing the full other verse. Notice how straightforward this Rashi comment is. Each Rashi method has its own flavor. The other verse method is characterized by straightforwardness.
This situation is typical: In verses Ex12-03:04 God commands Moses to command the Jews and then in Ex12-21 Moses carries out this commanded command to the Jews. Such a situation with a delegated command naturally lends itself to cross referencing of Other Verses. We shall also apply this cross referencing idea to the other Rashis on this verse.
To fully explain this Rashi we note that Rashi is not using the word meaning method. That is, Rashi is not asserting that drag intrinsically refers to ones own property. Similarly, Rashi is not asserting that take intrinsically refers to purchase in the market place. How then should we understand Rashi? Rashi is simply observing that a bulleted list suggests intent by the Author to an exhaustion of mutually exhaustive and exclusive possibilities. So Rashi takes this intent and lists the possible ways of acquiring sheep: from one's own property or by purchase.
The original command also speaks about two possibilities (a) for one's own family or (b) in partnership with other families. Rashi supplements these two possibilities with two further possibilities: The sheep--whether for oneself or in partnership--can be (a)one's own sheep or (b) purchased sheep.
Example 6.5a: We continue our review of methods from previous lessons by reviewing the synonym sub-method of the word meaning method. Verse Ex14-10c states And when Pharaoh drew near, the people of Israel lifted up their eyes, and, behold, the Egyptians marched after them; and they were very afraid; and the people of Israel screamed out to the Lord. Rashi paraphrased states The underlined word screamed means prayer. Rashi actually states more The Jews imitated their patriarchs who also prayed when in danger. Rashi also states other verses where the patriarchs prayed. These other verses use other words for prayer.
Rather then cite the full Rashi and analyze each text we cite the Midrash Rabbah on Dt03-23 which lists 10 specific synonyms for prayer. These synonyms include pray, cry, scream, supplicate, seek grace, bump into, and others.
Our goal in explaining this Rashi was to identify the underlying skill competency,synonyms needed to understand it. The other points of Rashi---for example, that the Jews when in trouble sought to follow their role models, the patriarchs, who also prayed ---these points have important moral validity but are not directly related to the methods and skill competencies needed to understand Rashi.
Example 6.5b: A standard translation of verse Ex15-08f states And with your anger the waters were heaped together , the floods stood upright, and the depths were congealed in the heart of the sea The English translation we are using is good---it translates the Hebrew root Kuph-Pay-Aleph as meaning congealed. Rashi confirms this translation using the synonym method: The Hebrew root Kuph-Pay-Aleph which is translated as congealed only occurs half a dozen times in the Bible. In Jb10-10, Have you not poured me out like milk, and curdled me like cheese? this root means curdled. This suggests the following translation of Ex15-08 And with your anger the waters were heaped together, the floods stood upright and the depths were curdled in the heart of the sea Rashi continues on the point of using the translation curdled or congealed: The words heap, curdled suggest that the waters, when they split, hardened like a heap or curdled cheese. Consequently when the Egyptians were thrown on the water they fell on something hard as a rock and were injured.
Notice here how a knowledge of Hebrew is not necessary to appreciate this Rashi. A good English translation uses the word congealed. We can easily look up the English translation of the verse from Job cited by Rashi and see the translation curdled. We then immediately see the close relationship between congealed, curdled. If we can read Hebrew we can also identify the same root kuph-pay-aleph in both verses.
We continue with our review of methods from previous lessons by reviewing the noun-verb word meaning rules. A standard translation of verse Ex15-10b is You blew with your wind, the sea covered them; they sank as lead in the mighty waters. Here the Biblical root Tzade-Lamed-Lamed is translated as Sank. Rashi comments The noun form of the root Tzade-Lamed-Lamed is Mem-Tzade-Vav-Lamed-Hey which means whirlpool. Hence Rashi would translate Ex15-10 as follows You blew with your wind, the sea covered them; they whirlpooled down as lead in the mighty waters.
This is an excellent example of the usage of Rashi methods to provide superior translations.
We introduce a new word meaning sub method today--the idiom method. An idiom refers to a collection of words which together, as a whole, have a meaning that is different and distinct then its individual component words. Every language has idioms. Linguists tend to think of idioms as separate entries in the dictionary since a native speaker must learn each idiom the same way they learn each word.
Example 15.5a: Verse Ex14-27a states And Moses stretched forth his hand over the sea, and the sea returned to his strength at the turn of morning and the Egyptians fled towards it; and the Lord overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of the sea. Rashi comments The underlined phrase the turn of morning means dawn. In other words Rashi translates the verse as follows And Moses stretched forth his hand over the sea, and the sea returned to his strength at dawn and the Egyptians fled towards it; and the Lord overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of the sea.
When commenting on idioms Rashi will frequently explain the etymology of the idiom. Here Rashi paraphrased explains that when you turn a corner you swiftly begin to appear to people on that side of the corner; this explains the metaphor turn of morning since it appears as if the dawn was turning and appearing to us. Such explanations of idioms are instructive and very often add content. However the primary goal of Rashi is simply to explain the idiom meaning. If the student understands the meaning of the idiom then Rashi is understood.
Example 15.5b: Very often the idiom sub method will combine with the metonymy method explained above in examples 11.4a-11.4f of lesson 4.
Verse Ex15-08a states And with the spirit of your nostrils the waters were gathered together, the floods stood upright as a heap, and the depths were congealed in the heart of the sea. Rashi comments The underlined phrase spirit of nostrils is an idiom meaning anger. Consequently Rashi would translate Ex15-08 as follows And with your anger the waters were gathered together, the floods stood upright as a heap, and the depths were congealed in the heart of the sea.
We have not given the entire text of Rashi. Rashi makes numerous other comments that are extremely important. First: Rashi points out that this idiom is a metonymy: When a person gets angry and loses his temper his breathing becomes heavier. Hence nose activity is related to anger. Consequently the metonymy principle--naming by related items--would name anger using the word nose.
Rashi also deals with the issue of anthropomorphism--the ascription of physical attributes--such as nose, breathing -- to God. However our primary goal in this short monograph is the clear presentation of Rashi methods--hence we avoid philosophical issues however interesting.
Finally, Rashi dwells at great length on finding further support for idioms relating anger to nose. Although an exhaustive analysis of other verses where idioms relate nose to anger enriches our appreciations of the idiom, nevertheless it is not necessary. To fully understand an idiom it suffices to translate the phrase just once.
We continue with our review of methods covered in previous lessons by reviewing the metonymy(FFF) method. We present below an etymology that names by function.
Ex15-26c states And said, If you will diligently listen to the voice of the Lord your God, and will do that which is right in his sight, and will give ear to his commandments, and keep all his statutes, I will put none of these diseases upon you, which I have brought upon the Egyptians; for I am the Lord that heals you. Rashi comments The Biblical root for the Biblical word meaning ear is the same Biblical root of the word meaning scales. Here the ear is named by its function---to weigh all sides of a matter and be precise. Consequently Rashi would translate Ex15-26 as follows And said, If you will diligently listen to the voice of the Lord your God, and will do that which is right in his sight, and carefully weigh and be precise about His commandments, and keep all his statutes, then, I will put none of these diseases upon you, which I have brought upon the Egyptians; for I am the Lord that heals you.
In passing etymologists amusingly point out that ears have both the form and function of scales---since the two ears, hanging as it were, on each side of the head, appear as a set of balance scales. Such double puns are common in linguistic analysis and make the subject more enjoyable.
We introduce a new method, the alignment - nuance method which we briefly looked at in example 4.4d. Recall that the alignment method seeks to align pairs of clauses with almost identical language to infer nuances from the minor differences between these clauses. We briefly review the example we covered in example 4.4d and then present another example. Every Rashi method has so to speak a flavor to it. We discuss the flavor of the alignment - nuance method below.
The above analysis shows the flavor of the alignment method. Something is pointed to--in this case maidservant vs. captive-- but we are not explicitly told why the difference is emphasized. Consequently Rashi's job is to steer the reader in the proper direction through reasonable conjectures. Very often other competing midrashim will comment on the alignment but give alternate competing explanations which are equally reasonable. So the flavor of alignment Rashis is typically exploratory.
I have found the following stratagem useful when dealing with the alignment method: I ask students to come up with reasonable explanations of why separate emphases are given. Frequently students come up with explanations highly similar to Rashi. This stratagem makes Rashi more acceptable to them.
In my article Biblical Formatting to appear in the Jewish Bible Quarterly at the end of 2006 (or the beginning of 2007) I have pointed out that the alignment method despite its exploratory flavor is still the simple intended meaning of the text. I cite a beautiful analogy of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch who in effect compares alignments to footnotes. If for example the Biblical text stated the firstborn of the captives were smitten and the Bible used a footnote on the underlined word captives indicating that the firstborn of both captives and maidservants were smitten then in such a case we would regard the emphasis captives and maidservants as intended by the author. Indeed, the author explicitly indicated this intended remark in a footnote. Rav Hirsch's point of view is that the Biblical Author used alignments of almost identical verses to indicate footnotes. That is, any place a modern author would use footnotes the Biblical Author used alignments of repeated verses with minor differences. Consequently, the two aligned verses with the aligned words captive, maidservant point to an intentional footnote by the author.
As we have frequently pointed out above we emphasize that knowledge of Hebrew is not necessary to understand a Rashi alignment.
We continue our review of Rashi methods. Recall that Rashi's goal in the GRAMMAR - root conjugation rule is to explain the various ways of conjugating verbs. Let us illustrate with an elementary example. Hebrew grammar is based on three letter roots. So for example the root Shin-Mem-Resh means to watch. Hebrew grammar teaches how to conjugate this root in various forms each with a different meaning. Thus Shin-Mem-Resh-Tauv-Yud means I had watched while Yud-Shin-Mem-Resh means he will watch. Here the underlined prefix and suffix letters indicate future or past and first person vs. third person action, I had watched vs. He will watch.
Very often these conjugation meanings are already embedded in the translation of the text. In the examples below we underline the conjugation translations and suffice with pointing out that Rashi's comment indicates the underlying conjugation.
Prior to presenting the examples we explain the conjugation issues addressed by Rashi. It is well known that prefixing the letters Aleph,Tauv,Yud before a verb indicates the future. An example was given in the preceding paragraph: Prefixing a Yud before the root to watch created a conjugation meaning he will watch. Rashi points out that the prefix Yud besides indicating the future also indicates the jussive, cohortive, and habitual present. Before presenting the verses let us carefully illustrate what these terms mean.
Acknowledgement is given to the older of my two younger sisters for many dialogues on applications of English grammar to understanding Rashi.
We continue our review of methods from previous lessons. Verse Ex14-07a states And he took six hundred chosen chariots, and all the chariots of Egypt, and captains over every one of them. Rashi comments on the underlined word chosen: Chosen has a connotation of one of a kind. Using the metonymy principle--naming by something related-- and using our knowledge of English synonyms as well as the context I would suggest the translation elite. Hence I would suggest the following translation of the verse based on the Rashi comment And he took six hundred elite chariots, and all the chariots of Egypt, and captains over every one of them.
Notice that the above Rashi analysis was done in English, not in Hebrew. Furthermore, Rashi never used the word elite. However Rashi's comment seemed to seek the nuances of chosen. We therefore searched for an appropriate semantic model based on our knowledge of context and English. The resulting translation 600 elite chariots is punchy, to the point, and fully consistent with Rashi.
The idea of approaching Rashi by seeking an appropriate semantic model was first advocated in my article Peshat and Derash: A New Intuitive Analytic Approach which appeared in Tradition and may be found on the world wide web at http://www.Rashiyomi.com/rashi.pdf.
We continue our review of methods learned in previous lessons. The example we present below is controversial. We shall attempt to understand it by apply 4 Rashi methods. These attempts show the type of give and take necessary when understanding a difficult Rashi.
Verse Ex14-10b states And when Pharaoh drew near, the people of Israel lifted up their eyes, and, behold, Egypt marched after them; and they were very afraid; and the people of Israel cried out to the Lord. Rashi comments on the underlined word Egypt: Egypt refers to the guardian Angel of Egypt (The Jews saw not just Egypt, but the guardian angel of Egypt fighting for them and therefore they were very afraid.)
Explanation 4: My suggestion of Rashi is to use the other verse method. Verse Ex14-19 states And the angel of God, who went before the camp of Israel, moved and went behind them; and the pillar of the cloud went from before their face, and stood behind them; I follow the Rambam's position on angel visions that they are seen in dreams. Consequently if the angel of God moved they must have seen this move in a dream vision. Thus this other verse sheds light and gives further details---the Jews were not only viewing physical events they also had visions and flashbacks. If they dreamt of angels of God then their dreams probably had fights between the angel of God and the guardian angel of the Egyptians.
In expounding the above explanation I have not really used anything from Ex14-10. And indeed the other verse method makes its derivations from other verses. I have however utilized the reasonable supposition that slaves frequently had flashbacks and dreams or pursuit from the guardian angels of their masters.
We can summarize as follows:Ex14-10 says the Jews were very afraid because Egypt was pursuing them. This is understandable by itself. However because an other verse Ex14-19 speaks about vision dreams of the guardian angle of the Jews, it is therefore reasonable that the Jews had flashbacks and dreams of the guardian angel of the Egyptians. Such flashbacks and dreams were probably typically used by masters to instill fear in their slaves.
One of the students in my class picked up my assertion that the statement that the angel moved from the front to the back of the camp is a statement about a dream vision. That is, the verse means that they dreamt simultaneously that the angel moved from the front of the camp to the back.
What ensued is a lively discussion about angel dreams. I first cited the Rambam's position that such incidents as Bilam's donkey talking to an angel happened in a dream. But then I retracted. The Rambam didn't simply have a position. Rather that position emanated from analysis of verses. The technical Rashi rule used is databases. So I asked my students to come up with verses supporting that angels communicate via dreams. I present below the list of examples they came up with. Such side-discussions on Rashis are common. It is important in my opinion to be able to deal with such issues by making appropriate database queries. Such an approach greatly enriches our understanding of Rashi and enables us to successfully deal with difficulties when they arise.
We list visions to Angels that happened in dreams. In the following examples the Bible explicitly identifies the communication as happening in a dream. (In the last case the communication is identified as happening at night, before morning).This database list justifies the Rambam's position that all communications involving angels happen in dreams.
In this last lesson we quickly review on example from each of the major Rashi methods. We also lightly introduce the Symbolism method which we have not yet covered. Finally we make a correction to a previously learned Rashi which was incorrectly classified.
Example 2.6a: We first review the Other Verse method. Verse Ex19-15b states And he said to the people, Be ready by the third day; do not come near a woman. Rashi clarifies the meaning and purpose of the underlined words do not come near a woman by citing a nearby verse Ex19-22c which states And let the priests also, who come near the Lord, make themselves holy, lest the Lord break forth upon them. Rashi infers that do not come near a woman is for the purpose of making oneself holy and ritually pure. In other words the Torah was supposed to be received in a state of ritual impurity and hence the both the people and priests were suppose to abstain from items (such as marital relations) which conferred ritual impurity.
Here Rashi provided commentary for one verse by citing an other verse.
Example 2.6b: We again illustrate the Other Verse method. Verse Ex19-24b states And the Lord said to him, Go, get you [Moses] down, and you shall come up, you, and Aaron with you; but let not the priests and the people break through to come up to the Lord, lest he break forth upon them. This verse appears to group Moses and Aaron together. This is clarified by an Other verse, Ex24-01:02 which states And he said to Moses, Come up to the Lord, you, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; and worship from far away. And Moses alone shall come near the Lord; but they shall not come near; nor shall the people go up with him. From the juxtaposition of these two verses we infer the Rashi comment ...Moses came closest, Aaron came but was more distant, ....but the people did not come up at all
We next review the Word meaning methods. Verse Ex18-18c states You will certainly wear away, both you, and this people who are with you; for this thing is too heavy for you; you are not able to perform it yourself alone. Rashi explains the underlined word too heavy as equivalent to the English burdensome. Here Rashi uses the Form-Function-Feel principle. A burdensome activity feels like a heavy object. It is difficult to proceed.
Another way of explaining this Rashi is by using the synecdoche principle---naming the whole by the part. Here we name the whole class of burdensome items by an exemplary member of that class, the heavy item.
Example 12.6a: Next we review the GRAMMAR - conjugation principle. Today we review the rules for conjugating conditional sentences. Verse Ex18-16a literally translated states When they will have a matter, they came to me; and I judge between one and another, and I make them know the statutes of God, and his laws. Rashi in his commentary suggests the following translation of this verse: When they have a matter, they come to me; and I judge between one and another, and I make them know the statutes of God, and his laws.
Here Rashi interprets the future conjugation, when they will have a matter, and past conjugation they came to me, as indicating a conditional sentence, that is, a sentence of the form, when such and such happens then such and such. In other words, Biblical Hebrew indicates a conditional sentence using a future and past conjugation. Modern English would indicate a conditional sentence using two present conjugations. When they have a matter, they come to me; and I judge between one and another, and I make them know the statutes of God, and his laws.
We should not perceive this Rashi as interpreting individual words. Rather Rashi is interpreting and identifying the sentence type, as a conditional sentence of the form when...then.... To best understand this Rashi we provided an English translation of the entire sentence.
Notice in this example how Rashi can equally be understood in English or Hebrew since the grammatical point he is making---the conjugations of the conditional sentence---are common to both languages.
Acknowledgement is given to the older of my two younger sisters for many useful dialogues on applications of English grammar to understanding Rashi.
Example 12.6b: Another Rashi using the Grammar method occurs at Ex18-22a which states And let them judge the people at all seasons; and it shall be, that every great matter they shall bring to you, but every small matter they shall judge; so it shall be easier for yourself, and they shall bear the burden with you. Here the English translation, let them judge already reflects Rashi's comment. The technical conjugation used in the Biblical text ---the prefix letter Vav followed by the past conjugation--- is normally translated as meaning the future, And they will judge. However Rashi explains that on this occasion, the prefix letter Vav followed by the past conjugation, is translated as a command, let them judge or and they should judge.
Consequently Rashi translates Ex24-01a as follows And God had already said to Moses, Come up to the Lord, you, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; and worship from far away. Because of this translation--had already said Rashi comments This chapter--the request for Moses to go up to Mount Sinai---was said prior to the receipt of the 10 commandments on Mount Sinai.
Traditional commentators normally see this Rashi comment as philosophical in nature. The philosophical issue is whether Biblical narrative is chronological or subject to a different ordering. As can be seen from the above analysis Rashi does not believe Biblical narrative is chronological since the request for Moses to ascend to Mount Sinai in Ex24-01 was stated after the receipt of the Decalogue on Mount Sinai in Biblical chapter Ex20. However Rashi's belief is not philosophical. Rather Rashi's belief is based on a very technical rule of Biblical grammar.
In connection with the above I would quote the Rabbi from whom I learned the most about Biblical commentary, the Rav, Rabbi Joseph Baer Solveitchick, who advised us in his lectures It is preferable to infer commentary from the placid waters of grammar rather then from the stormy waters of philosophy.
Finally I point out that if we had more time in this class I would go through a variety of Biblical texts where Rashi consistently interprets the past conjugation as meaning the past perfect. Such a set of examples would reinforce our belief that Rashi is using this grammatical principle in his commentary.
As we have noted several times, each Rashi method, while intrinsic to the text, and while reflecting the simple meaning of the text, nevertheless, has its own flavor. The alignment principle has a nuance flavor. The comment is there but only hinted at.
We see the contradiction. Which is it? Did God speak from heaven or from earth (Mount Sinai)?
However, in class, one of my students pointed out that the nearby verse, Ex20-15 And all the people saw the thunderings, and the lightnings, and the sound of the shofar, and the mountain smoking; and when the people saw it, they were shaken, and stood far away, also resolves this contradiction, since it clearly identifies the descent on Mount Sinai to be identified with the thunder and lightning.
As indicated in the Introductory section some Rashi commentators research Rashi's choice of wording and examples. In this monograph we see our goals as more modest---the clarification of which reproducible skill competencies would consistently produce Rashi comments. This goal is consistent with finding alternate sources for Rashi comments and encourages creativity and research in students. (Frequently however, Rashi did have a reason for choosing one example over another and the research done by other Rashi commentators is worthwhile to review).
Next we review the style method. We previously introduced the General-Detail style, a typical example being, she desecrates her marriage by committing adultery. Today we introduce the General-Detail-General style. The standard interpretation of this style, explicitly mentioned in the Rabbi Ishmael guidelines which are part of our daily prayers, is that in a general-detail-general unit we interpret the details broadly by generalizing them.
We supplement the Rabbi Ishmael guideline rule with a model explaining why this rule applies. We model and think of the general-detail-general unit as a paragraph. The General element corresponds to the paragraph theme; the detail element corresponds to the paragraph detail. If you saw a paragraph with a theme and details you would immediately regard the details, not as the only details, but rather as examples of the general theme. You would see the paragraph as a whole communicating to you the idea of the theme sentence which is exemplified by the detail sentences which develop the theme sentence. Consequently you would interpret these details broadly. You would generalize them to similar examples that illustrate the paragraph theme.
By providing the model of a paragraph with a theme-topic sentence developed by detail sentences I have enabled you to understand the naturality in generalizing the detail sentences so as to reflect similar examples illustrating the theme sentence. This paragraph model is presented in my paper Biblical Formatting which will appear in the Journal, The Jewish Bible Quarterly at the end of 2006 or the beginning of 2007.
We have formatted the verses to reflect the paragraph nature with an underlined general-theme of seeking God's approval and specific details on asking God to allow Moses to delegate his authority to a hierarchy of Judges.Rashi's comment is remarkably simple and straightforward Jethro did not just give his advice of delegation of judicial authority but rather part of his advice was the request that Moses seek approval of his delegation idea from God. Rashi inferred this from the theme-detail-theme nature of the paragraph.
We can make two comments on the above Rashi: First, Rashi did not use the full force of the Rabbi Ishmael rules: Rashi did not generalize the details (though he (or we) could have). Rashi is content with observing that the entire unit of advice forms a paragraph whose theme sentence is that Moses should seek approval of the advice from God.
Second we can explain why Jethro insisted that God approve of his idea. Jethro was well aware that Moses was not just a leader but a prophetic leader. To accuse Moses of improper organization was to accuse God of improper organization. Furthermore there was risk: Could Moses, who was a prophet, find trustworthy people that he could delegate judicial authority to? Because of these reasons Jethro gave his advice contingent upon God's approval. Jethro's was aware that mistakes would be made if judicial decision making was delegated to a hierarchy. But the alternative would be Moses withering away and Jethro's goal was to avoid this.
Rashi adds the bold underlined word even to emphasize the climactic nature of the command: Don't go to the mountain or even go near its borders. Rashi's sole goal in this verse is to point out the climactic nature of the verse components.
We next review the database principle. Today we ask the following database query: Find all verses that mention how God saved us from Egypt. Identify any underlying patterns.
We present the output of the database inquiry below. The output is not necessarily complete but is sufficient to identify patterns and explain Rashi comments.
Verse Go out Redeem Egypt SlaveHouse Pharoh Ex13-03 Go out Egypt SlaveHouse Ex13-14 Go out Egypt SlaveHouse Ex20-02b Go out EgyptLand SlaveHouse Dt05-06 Go out EgyptLand SlaveHouse Dt06-12a Go out EgyptLand SlaveHouse Dt07-08 Go out Redeem SlaveHouse From Pharoh King of Egypt Dt08-14 Go out EgyptLand SlaveHouse Dt13-06b Go out Redeem EgyptLand SlaveHouse Dt13-11 Go out EgyptLand SlaveHouse
We could make further comments on the above table. Frequently Rashi will not explain all aspects of a database table. Review of other midrashim and commentaries frequently uncovers additional comments.
Finally we note that a traditional approach to Rashi is to compare pairs of verses or to focus on extra words. We believe the above table approach is superior. The Table approach in one snapshot summarizes many extra words and also exposes their frequency. Such a snapshot greatly enriches and enhances the appreciation of Rashi.
Rashi makes these comments in 4 places: Dt09-18a,Dt09-25a, Dt10-01a, Dt10-10a. Rashi further makes a computation from Shavuoth when the 10 commandments were received to Yom Kippur when the sins of the Jews are forgiven. Interestingly there are 120 days, 3 sets of 40 days, between these two holidays.
As indicated we could spend longer on these Rashis. Our contribution to understanding Rashi is the observation that a Spreadsheet is a convenient clarifying way of organizing the verses and sequence connected with the Rashi comments.
We close today with the introduction of a new Rashi rule, the Symbolism rule. Most people think of symbolism as something homiletic imposed on the text by a sermonist. People do not think of symbols as intrinsic to the text.
A summary of Rav Hirsch's essay can be found in my paper Genesis 1 speaks about the creation of Prophecy not the creation of the world, published in the journal, B'Or Hatorah, and located on the world wide web at http://www.Rashiyomi.com.
A brief answer to Rav Hirsch's questions are as follows: If the Bible identifies a law as symbolic then we are obligated to interpret it symbolically (for example Shabbath is identified as symbolic at Ex31-12:17). Similarly if the Bible identifies a law's purpose as reminding us of ideas then in effect the Bible has declared that law as symbolic (as in the Tzitzith law at Nu15-37:41). Symbols are identified by their form, function and linguistic description. Further rules and guidelines may be found in the above paper. We could of course spend a whole course on Symbolism. Instead we present three quick examples.
Example 18.6a: Verse Ex20-22d states And if you will make me an altar of stone, you shall not build it of a cut stone; for if you lift up your cutting tool upon it, you have desecrated it. Rashi makes a perhaps obvious comment based on the function of the altar and cutting tools. The function of cutting tools is to destroy while the function of the altar is to bring atonement and peace between man and man or between man and God. Since the functions of the cutting tools and altar contradict each other the Bible prohibited the use of cutting tools by the altar as a Symbolic affirmation of the meaning of the altar. Rashi makes further moral and philosophical comments. Our modest goal however was to expose the student to the idea of using function to identify symbolic meaning. Notice in this Rashi how the symbolic meaning of the cutting tool is explicitly presented in the Biblical text itself.
Example 18.6b: Verse Ex20-23a,b states Neither shall you go up by steps to my altar, that your nakedness be not exposed there. Rashi comments The altar ramp should be an incline rather than steps.The verse explains that if you go up on steps then you expose your nakedness to the stone steps and thereby embarrass them. Here the Bible uses Anthropomorphism the symbolic identification of human attributes and values on the inanimate. The idea is that you should be careful not to embarrass stones by exposing to them your nakedness. This affirms the moral value that you should not embarrass your fellow human being by exposing your nakedness. Again in this verse we have an explicit statement of moral values justifying Rashi's use of symbolic methods.
I add a more speculative remark not in Rashi. We indicated above that linguistic descriptions are grounds for natural symbolic interpretation. In this case the Hebrew word for steps and for fantasies both come from the Hebrew root Ayin-Lamed-Hey which means to go up. Indeed, you go up a staircase by steps and fantasies are thoughts that come up in your mind. A scriptural occurrence of fantasies occurs at Ez20-32 which states Your fantasies to be like the non-Jews will not happen. Perhaps then there is an added symbolism in this verse When you go up to do altar work do not have fantasies. Although this observation is speculative (and not in Rashi) it illustrates the type of insights that can be obtained from uniformly applying fixed symbolic laws to Biblical verses.
For purposes of completeness we make explicit two rules covered above but not identified. In Example 5.1 we analyzed verse Gn48-11d which we have translated Binding his foal to the vine, and his ass’s colt to the choice vine; he washed his garments in wine, and his (wife's) lingerie in the blood of grapes;
The explicit rule used is that word meanings can be derived from the Biblical root of the word studied. In this case the root seduce applied to garments suggests nightgowns or lingerie.
We originally studied Rashi Ex04-09b in Lesson 2.However I incorrectly classified the Rashi as using the bullet rule rather than as using Underline/bold method. The underline/bold method is fully explained in my article Biblical Formatting which will appear in the journal, the Jewish Bible Quarterly in December of 2006 of early 2007.
Here is a brief explanation of the rule. It is well known that a modern author might underline or bold or italicize a word to indicate unspecified emphasis. This emphasis is considered intrinsic to the simple meaning of the text. The emphasis indicated by a bold is considered the author's intention. The Bible did not use bold or underline. However instead it repeated words. The simple rule is that a repeated Biblical word would be rendered in modern notation as a bold or underline. It would therefore imply emphasis. We give a simple example.
The repeated word water shows that the water did not turn to blood in Moses' hand but rather when it hit the ground.
Here Rashi uses the repeated keyword, water to indicate an emphasis that it was still water, and it only turned to blood after it reached the dry land. This magnifies the miracle--the water did not turn to blood in the Nile from some algae; furthermore, Moses who performed the miracle did not have to get his hands stained with blood.
I have successfully taught children ages 5-12 advanced Rashi using the methods of this monograph. I spent over 2 years teaching young children and I assure all parents and teachers that teaching advanced Rashi methods to young children can be done.
This appendix assumes an adult, say a parent or teacher, has read this monograph. The purpose of this appendix is to give tips that would enable exposure of these ideas to young children.
A basic idea advocated in this monograph is using visual formatting to understand Rashi. Consequently in teaching Rashi to children who can read Hebrew (or English) the teacher can guide the student to Rashi discovery by requesting visual formatting from the student. A second useful tip is to provide examples to help the young children in making generalizations.
The material in this appendix is suitable for manipulation on spreadsheets. It is ideal for review. This appendix is (C) July 2006, RashiYomi Incorporated as part of this book. |
Lesson | Example | Verse | Method | Sub Method | Brief Explanation of Method | Brief summary of Rashi | The contribution or Novelty of Rashi |
1 | 2.1a | Dt26-05d | OTHER VERSES | further details | Rashi adds further details to the meaning of a given verse by citing an OTHER VERSE | Dt26-05 states that the Jews came down to Egypt with a TINY number of people. Gn46-27 further clarifies this by explaining that the number of people going down to Egypt were 70 | Rashi clarified the meaning of the term TINY by citing an OTHER VERSE which provided numerical information |
1 | 2.1b | Gn48-05b | OTHER VERSES | further details | Rashi adds further details to the meaning of a given verse by citing an OTHER VERSE | Gn48-05 states: the grandchildren EPHRAIM and MENASHEH WILL BE TO ME LIKE REUVEN AND SHIMON. Rashi clarifies this by citing an OTHER VERSE Nu13 showing that the grandchildren received tribal status like the children | Rashi clarified the meaning of the phrase LIKE REUVEN and SHIMON by citing an OTHER VERSE which provided more detail |
1 | 3.1a | Ex16-20b | GRAMMAR | noun-verb transforms | Rashi coins a verb form of a noun--for example to DUST, to FLOWER or to HAMMER | the manna WORMED worms | Rashi clarifies that the VERB FORM is derived from the NOUN form (TO WORM means that WORMS formed) |
1 | 3.1b | Nu31-03b | GRAMMAR | noun-verb transforms | Rashi coins a verb form of a noun--for example to DUST, to FLOWER or to HAMMER | ARM yourself for war | Rashi clarifies that the VERB FORM is derived from the NOUN form (to ARM means to provide soldiers with ARMS) |
1 | 3.1c | Gn13-12a | GRAMMAR | noun-verb transforms | Rashi coins a verb form of a noun--for example to DUST, to FLOWER or to HAMMER | and LOT TENTED to Sedom | Rashi clarifies that the VERB FORM is derived from the NOUN form (TO TENT means to PITCH a tent) |
1 | 3.1d | Ex29-05a | GRAMMAR | noun-verb transforms | Rashi coins a verb form of a noun--for example to DUST, to FLOWER or to HAMMER | he shall GIRD the GIRDLE | Rashi clarifies that the VERB FORM is derived from the NOUN form (TO GIRD means to place on the GIRDLE) |
1 | 3.1e | Nu04-13b | GRAMMAR | noun-verb transforms | Rashi coins a verb form of a noun--for example to DUST, to FLOWER or to HAMMER | they shall ASH the altar | Rashi clarifies that the VERB FORM is derived from the NOUN form (TO ASH is similar to the English TO DUST--to remove dust and ashes) |
1 | 3.1f | Gn50-23a | GRAMMAR | noun-verb transforms | Rashi coins a verb form of a noun--for example to DUST, to FLOWER or to HAMMER | the great grandchildren were CHILDRENED on his lap | Rashi clarifies that the VERB FORM is derived from the NOUN form (TO CHILDREN means to raise children) |
1 | 4.1 | Gn50-15c | WORD MEANINGS | special connective words | Rashi explains and lists all usages of special connective words like AND, OR, IF, WHEN, BECAUSE, ALSO, THAT | After their father died the brothers were afraid: PERHAPS Joseph will hate us... | Rashi clarifies that the Hebrew connective word LAMED VAV can mean a) if b) if only it were so and c) perhaps |
1 | 5.1 | Gn48-11d | ALIGNMENT | word meanings | Rashi identifies the meanings of words by using parallel terms in ALIGNED pairs of verses | He washes, CLOTHING in WINE, and SAMECH-VAV-TAUV in GRAPE BLOOD | Rashi identifies the ALIGNED terms: WINE=GRAPE BLOOD and SAMECH-VAV-TAUV=GARMENT. Rashi translates SAMECH-VAV-TAUV as GARMENT |
2 | 3.2 | Ex01-07a | GRAMMAR | noun-verb transforms | Rashi coins a verb form of a noun--for example to DUST, to FLOWER or to HAMMER | The Jews SWARMED and INSECTIFIED, they reproduced allot | Rashi clarifies that the VERB FORM is derived from the NOUN form (TO INSECTIFY is to PRODUCE ALLOT OF CHILDREN like INSECTS) |
2 | 6.2a | Lv02-05a | WORD MEANINGS | synonyms | Rashi explains the nuances and differences between two SYNONYMS with almost identical meanings | if you offer a Minchah offering on a FRYING PAN | Rashi identifies FRYING PAN and POT as two cooking utensils and explains the difference that one is FLAT and one is DEEP |
2 | 6.2a | Lv02-07a | WORD MEANINGS | synonyms | Rashi explains the nuances and differences between two SYNONYMS with almost identical meanings | if you offer a Minchah offering in a POT | Rashi identifies FRYING PAN and POT as two cooking utensils and explains the difference that one is FLAT and one is DEEP |
2 | 6.2b | Ex05-07a | WORD MEANINGS | synonyms | Rashi explains the nuances and differences between two SYNONYMS with almost identical meanings | Rashi explains two Biblical words as indicating two stages in the brick-production process: GRAVEL vs. BRICKS | Rashi identified the two words as closely related in meaning (SYNONYMS) and showed the differences between them. |
2 | 6.2b | Ex05-07b | WORD MEANINGS | synonyms | Rashi explains the nuances and differences between two SYNONYMS with almost identical meanings | Rashi explains two Biblical words as indicating two stages in the brick-production process: GRAVEL vs. BRICKS | Rashi identified the two words as closely related in meaning (SYNONYMS) and showed the differences between them. |
2 | 7.2a | Ex01-11b | STYLE | general-detail | Rashi identifies a paragraph unit as consisting of a GENERAL THEME followed by DETAILS. Rashi interprets the paragraph unit as focusing only on the DETAILS but not on other aspects of the GENERAL THEME. | the tax-masters AFFLICTED THEM BY making them BUILD CITIES | Rashi explains that although the concepts of TAX and AFFLICTION are GENERAL the Egyptians accomplished this affliction thru making the Jews BUILD CITIES |
2 | 7.2b | Dt06-06a | STYLE | general-detail | Rashi identifies a paragraph unit as consisting of a GENERAL THEME followed by DETAILS. Rashi interprets the paragraph unit as focusing only on the DETAILS but not on other aspects of the GENERAL THEME. | LOVE God BY LEARNING his laws | Rashi explains that although the concept of LOVE OF GOD is GENERAL, nevertheless all God wants is LEARNING (and associated performance) |
2 | 7.2c | Nu05-12d | STYLE | general-detail | Rashi identifies a paragraph unit as consisting of a GENERAL THEME followed by DETAILS. Rashi interprets the paragraph unit as focusing only on the DETAILS but not on other aspects of the GENERAL THEME. | She DESECRATES her marriage BY committing ADULTERY | Rashi explains that although in GENERAL there are many ways to DESECRATE a marriage, in Nu05-12 we are only speaking about DESECRATION thru ADULTERY. |
2 | 8.2a | Ex01-16c | CONTRADICTION | 2 aspects | Rashi resolves 2 contradictory verses by viewing them as describing 2 different aspects of the same item | Ex01-12 says that the Egyptians EMOTIONALLY hated the ENTIRE Jewish people; Ex01-16 states that Pharoh POLITICALLY hated the MALES because he was suspicious of a savior who could arise from them | Rashi resolves the contradiction (Hatred of ALL PEOPLE vs Hatred of MALES) by distinguishing two aspects of the Jews: THE NATION vs the MALES and by distinguishing two aspects of HATRED: EMOTIONAL vs POLITICAL |
2 | 8.2b | Ex02-06a | CONTRADICTION | 2 aspects | Rashi resolves 2 contradictory verses by viewing them as describing 2 different aspects of the same item | She opened the basket, saw a PHYSICAL BABY who cried with the DEMEANOR of an OLDER CHILD | Rashi resolves the contradiction (BABY-CHILD) by identifying two aspects of Moses: His physical AGE--he was a baby and his DEMEANOR in CRYING--he cried/complained with the maturity of an older child |
2 | 8.2b | Ex02-06b | CONTRADICTION | 2 aspects | Rashi resolves 2 contradictory verses by viewing them as describing 2 different aspects of the same item | She opened the basket, saw a PHYSICAL BABY who cried with the DEMEANOR of an OLDER CHILD | Rashi resolves the contradiction (BABY-CHILD) by identifying two aspects of Moses: His physical AGE--he was a baby and his DEMEANOR in CRYING--he cried/complained with the maturity of an older child |
2 | 9.2a | Ex18-10a | FORMAT | bullets | Rashi interprets a repeating keyword as creating a BULLET like effect. Rashi then interprets the BULLET like effect to indicate contrastive emphasis on a group of items being discussed. | God saved the Jews FROM PHAROH, a harsh LEADER, and FROM EGYPT, a harsh Nation. | Rashi interprets the repeating keyword FROM as indicating BULLETS. Both PHAROH and EGYPT are bulleted creating a contrastive emphasis: Both the LEADER and NATION |
2 | 9.2a | Ex18-10b | FORMAT | bullets | Rashi interprets a repeating keyword as creating a BULLET like effect. Rashi then interprets the BULLET like effect to indicate contrastive emphasis on a group of items being discussed. | God saved the Jews FROM PHAROH, a harsh LEADER, and FROM EGYPT, a harsh Nation. | Rashi interprets the repeating keyword FROM as indicating BULLETS. Both PHAROH and EGYPT are bulleted creating a contrastive emphasis: Both the LEADER and NATION |
2 | 9.2b | Ex18-01d | FORMAT | bullets | Rashi interprets a repeating keyword as creating a BULLET like effect. Rashi then interprets the BULLET like effect to indicate contrastive emphasis on a group of items being discussed. | Jethro heard what God had done TO MOSES and TO ISRAEL | Rashi interprets the repeating keyword TO as creating a BULLET effect. BOTH Moses and Israel are emphasized. So for example when God gave them Manna he fed the PEOPLE and save MOSES from being attacked for lack of food |
2 | 9.2b | Ex18-01e | FORMAT | bullets | Rashi interprets a repeating keyword as creating a BULLET like effect. Rashi then interprets the BULLET like effect to indicate contrastive emphasis on a group of items being discussed. | Jethro heard what God had done TO MOSES and TO ISRAEL | Rashi interprets the repeating keyword TO as creating a BULLET effect. BOTH Moses and Israel are emphasized. So for example when God gave them Manna he fed the PEOPLE and save MOSES from being attacked for lack of food |
2 | 9.2c | Ex03-11a | FORMAT | bullets | Rashi interprets a repeating keyword as creating a BULLET like effect. Rashi then interprets the BULLET like effect to indicate contrastive emphasis on a group of items being discussed. | Who am I THAT I should go to PHAROH, a difficult leader, and save the JEWS, a difficult people | Rashi interprets the repeating keyword THAT as indicating a BULLET like effect. Both PHAROH and the JEWS are bulleted creating a contrastive emphasis that Moses would have difficulty with the LEADER and with the NATION |
2 | 9.2c | Ex03-11b | FORMAT | bullets | Rashi interprets a repeating keyword as creating a BULLET like effect. Rashi then interprets the BULLET like effect to indicate contrastive emphasis on a group of items being discussed. | Who am I THAT I should go to PHAROH, a difficult leader, and save the JEWS, a difficult people | Rashi interprets the repeating keyword THAT as indicating a BULLET like effect. Both PHAROH and the JEWS are bulleted creating a contrastive emphasis that Moses would have difficulty with the LEADER and with the NATION |
3 | 6.3a | Ex06-09a | WORD MEANINGS | synonyms | Rashi explains the nuances and differences between two SYNONYMS with almost identical meanings | They did not ACCEPT [listen to] Moses' consolation because of their hard work | Rashi points out that the word LISTEN can mean a) Physically listen, b) Accept c) Obey, d) Understand, and e) hear a News report |
3 | 6.3b | Gn41-15a | WORD MEANINGS | synonyms | Rashi explains the nuances and differences between two SYNONYMS with almost identical meanings | I, Pharoh, have heard that you can UNDERSTAND [LISTEN] to a dream to interpret it | Rashi points out that the word LISTEN can mean a) Physically listen, b) Accept c) Obey, d) Understand, and e) hear a News report |
3 | 6.3b | Gn41-15b | WORD MEANINGS | synonyms | Rashi explains the nuances and differences between two SYNONYMS with almost identical meanings | I, Pharoh, have heard that you can UNDERSTAND [LISTEN] to a dream to interpret it | Rashi points out that the word LISTEN can mean a) Physically listen, b) Accept c) Obey, d) Understand, and e) hear a News report |
3 | 6.3c | Gn11-07d | WORD MEANINGS | synonyms | Rashi explains the nuances and differences between two SYNONYMS with almost identical meanings | Let Us descend and confuse their languages so that they will NOT UNDERSTAND [LISTEN TO] each other | Rashi points out that the word LISTEN can mean a) Physically listen, b) Accept c) Obey, d) Understand, and e) hear a News report |
3 | 6.3d | Gn03-08b | WORD MEANINGS | synonyms | Rashi explains the nuances and differences between two SYNONYMS with almost identical meanings | And they PHYSICALLY HEARD [LISTEN] the Prophetic Voice of God in the Garden | Rashi points out that the word LISTEN can mean a) Physically listen, b) Accept c) Obey, d) Understand, and e) hear a News report |
3 | 6.3e | Gn45-16a | WORD MEANINGS | synonyms | Rashi explains the nuances and differences between two SYNONYMS with almost identical meanings | And the NEWS [LISTEN] in Pharoh's house was that Joseph's brothers had come | Rashi points out that the word LISTEN can mean a) Physically listen, b) Accept c) Obey, d) Understand, and e) hear a News report |
3 | 4.3a | Ex18-18b | WORD MEANINGS | special connective words | Rashi explains and lists all usages of special connective words like AND, OR, IF, WHEN, BECAUSE, ALSO, THAT | If you judge all day then you [and Aaron] ALSO will wither, this nation [and the COURTS] ALSO will wither | Rashi points out that the SPECIAL CONNECTIVE WORD ALSO includes similar items: Moses and ALSO Aaron; the nation AND ALSO the courts |
3 | 4.3b | Gn07-03a | WORD MEANINGS | special connective words | Rashi explains and lists all usages of special connective words like AND, OR, IF, WHEN, BECAUSE, ALSO, THAT | Take 7 pairs from the Kosher animals; ALSO take 7 pairs from the [Kosher] birds | Rashi points out that the SPECIAL CONNECTIVE WORD ALSO implies similar attributes: 7 pairs from KOSHER animals and also 7 pairs from KOSHER birds [the attribute KOSHER is not explicitly mentioned by the birds] |
3 | 4.3c | Dt22-22b | WORD MEANINGS | special connective words | Rashi explains and lists all usages of special connective words like AND, OR, IF, WHEN, BECAUSE, ALSO, THAT | ....place the ADULTERERS [and their unborn fetus, if applicable] ALSO to death | Rashi points out that the SPECIAL CONNECTIVE WORD, ALSO includes DERIVED items..the adulterers die and the unborn fetus, if applicable ALSO dies [you don't wait for a birth if they are convicted] |
3 | 4.3d | Malbim | WORD MEANINGS | special connective words | Rashi explains and lists all usages of special connective words like AND, OR, IF, WHEN, BECAUSE, ALSO, THAT | The Hebrew letter VAV can mean AND or OR | The letter VAV means AND or OR depending on whether the sentence is SIMPLE or COMPOUND and depending on whether it is a prohibition or command |
3 | 4.3e | Lv23-27a | WORD MEANINGS | special connective words | Rashi explains and lists all usages of special connective words like AND, OR, IF, WHEN, BECAUSE, ALSO, THAT | USUALLY on Yom Kippur you will receive atonement--but not if it is a social sin since you must first ask forgiveness from your fellow man | Rashi interprets the Hebrew ALEPH CAPH as meaning USUALLY. Rashi emphasizes why the Biblical sentence is USUALLY, implying EXCEPTIONS |
3 | 4.3f | Dt16-15a | WORD MEANINGS | special connective words | Rashi explains and lists all usages of special connective words like AND, OR, IF, WHEN, BECAUSE, ALSO, THAT | USUALLY you will be happy on the Festivals--but not necessarily on the FIRST night when you might still preoccupied with the business week | |
3 | 3.3 | Ex09-31a | GRAMMAR | noun-verb transforms | Rashi coins a verb form of a noun--for example to DUST, to FLOWER or to HAMMER | The barley was ruined by the hail because the Barley was SPRINGED | Rashi explains that the VERB FORM of the NOUN, SPRING, is SPRINGED, meaning FULLY BUDDED |
3 | 10.3a | Nu09-22a | FORMAT | climax | Rashi perceives a LIST of paragraph or sentence items as listed in CLIMACTIC order. This CLIMACTIC order allows inferences of nuances. | The Prophecy cloud lasts a a) night, b) day-night, c) 2 days, d) a month or e) DAYS=A YEAR | Rashi infers from the CLIMACTIC LISTING ORDER--eve, day-night, 2 days, month, DAYS that DAYS means A YEAR |
3 | 10.3b | Ex07-28b | FORMAT | climax | Rashi perceives a LIST of paragraph or sentence items as listed in CLIMACTIC order. This CLIMACTIC order allows inferences of nuances. | God punishes PHAROH, SERVANTS and PEOPLE | Rashi emphasizes CLIMACTIC nature of listing, PHAROH, SERVANTS, PEOPLE. Pharoh instigated and is listed 1st, Servants implemented and are listed 2nd, people followed and are listed 3rd |
4 | 11.4a | Lv02-11a | WORD MEANINGS | metonymy (FFF) | An item is named by its FORM (e.g. PENTAGON), FUNCTION (e.g. United Nations),FEEL (e.g. HARDSHIP), by something closely RELATED (e.g. WEAPONS are called ARMS), or by an EXEMPLARY MEMBER (e.g. HONEY means ANYTHING SWEET) | HONEY means any SWEET FRUIT JUICE | Rashi names the WHOLE GROUP of SWEET ITEMS by an EXEMPLARY member, HONEY |
4 | 11.4b | Lv13-02a | WORD MEANINGS | metonymy (FFF) | An item is named by its FORM (e.g. PENTAGON), FUNCTION (e.g. United Nations),FEEL (e.g. HARDSHIP), by something closely RELATED (e.g. WEAPONS are called ARMS), or by an EXEMPLARY MEMBER (e.g. HONEY means ANYTHING SWEET) | CLOUD means CLOUD WHITE | Rashi names a COLOR, CLOUD WHITE, by a RELATED OBJECT, the CLOUD (Cf. ORANGE in English) |
4 | 11.4c | Lv13-05a | WORD MEANINGS | metonymy (FFF) | An item is named by its FORM (e.g. PENTAGON), FUNCTION (e.g. United Nations),FEEL (e.g. HARDSHIP), by something closely RELATED (e.g. WEAPONS are called ARMS), or by an EXEMPLARY MEMBER (e.g. HONEY means ANYTHING SWEET) | EYE means APPEARANCE (in this case COLOR) | |
4 | 11.4d | Lv19-16b | WORD MEANINGS | metonymy (FFF) | An item is named by its FORM (e.g. PENTAGON), FUNCTION (e.g. United Nations),FEEL (e.g. HARDSHIP), by something closely RELATED (e.g. WEAPONS are called ARMS), or by an EXEMPLARY MEMBER (e.g. HONEY means ANYTHING SWEET) | Don't STAND on the BLOOD of your neighbor means Don't IGNORE your neighbor when he is in DANGER (But try and help him) | BLOOD is RELATED to DANGER; STAND is a GOOD EXAMPLE of REMAINING IN PLACE |
4 | 11.4e | Ex10-24a | WORD MEANINGS | metonymy (FFF) | An item is named by its FORM (e.g. PENTAGON), FUNCTION (e.g. United Nations),FEEL (e.g. HARDSHIP), by something closely RELATED (e.g. WEAPONS are called ARMS), or by an EXEMPLARY MEMBER (e.g. HONEY means ANYTHING SWEET) | Let your cattle STAND means Let your cattle REMAIN | Rashi names REMAINING by an GOOD EXAMPLE, STANDING |
4 | 11.4f | Ex12-05b | WORD MEANINGS | metonymy (FFF) | An item is named by its FORM (e.g. PENTAGON), FUNCTION (e.g. United Nations),FEEL (e.g. HARDSHIP), by something closely RELATED (e.g. WEAPONS are called ARMS), or by an EXEMPLARY MEMBER (e.g. HONEY means ANYTHING SWEET) | ...a lamb SON OF A YEAR means a ONE YEAR old lamb | |
4 | 4.4a | Gn19-04b | WORD MEANINGS | special connective words | Rashi explains and lists all usages of special connective words like AND, OR, IF, WHEN, BECAUSE, ALSO, THAT | ALL of Sedom gathered for the rape--ALL gathered WITHOUT exception (There were no righteous people in the city) | Rashi interprets the SPECIAL CONNECTIVE WORD, ALL, to mean NO EXCEPTIONS |
4 | 4.4b | Lv21-11b | WORD MEANINGS | special connective words | Rashi explains and lists all usages of special connective words like AND, OR, IF, WHEN, BECAUSE, ALSO, THAT | Neither shall the priest come to ANY dead body means ANY part of a dead body--so a priest cannot come in contact with a pint of blood of the deceased | Rashi interprets the SPECIAL CONNECTIVE WORD, ANY, to mean ANY SIGNIFICANT part |
4 | 4.4c | Nu21-08b | WORD MEANINGS | special connective words | Rashi explains and lists all usages of special connective words like AND, OR, IF, WHEN, BECAUSE, ALSO, THAT | ALL who were bitten by the snakes who looked upward to the copper serpent were cured--ALL who were bitten, even if they bitten by a dog | Rashi interprets the SPECIAL CONNECTIVE WORD, ALL, to mean EVEN BORDERLINE cases that you thought did not fit in |
4 | 4.4d | Nu14-01b | WORD MEANINGS | special connective words | Rashi explains and lists all usages of special connective words like AND, OR, IF, WHEN, BECAUSE, ALSO, THAT | The WHOLE nation cried about the exodus--the WHOLE nation, even the Judges and leaders | Rashi interprets the SPECIAL CONNECTIVE WORD, ALL, to mean ALL GROUPS--the people, judges, leadership etc |
4 | 12.4a | Ex10-08b | GRAMMAR | root conjugations | Rashi reviews the technical rules of conjugation roots and their meanings (Today most of this material can be found in standard grammar textbooks) | And Moses and Aaron WERE RETURNED to Pharoh | Rashi identifies the CONJUGATION as the PASSIVE CAUSATIVE--that is someone CAUSED Moses and Aaron to return |
4 | 12.4b | Ex10-24a | GRAMMAR | root conjugations | Rashi reviews the technical rules of conjugation roots and their meanings (Today most of this material can be found in standard grammar textbooks) | Only LET your cattle STAY | Rashi identifies the CONJUGATION as the PASSIVE CAUSATIVE---To cause something to STAND is equivalent to LETTING IT STAY |
4 | 7.4 | Ex12-14c | STYLE | general-detail | Rashi identifies a paragraph unit as consisting of a GENERAL THEME followed by DETAILS. Rashi interprets the paragraph unit as focusing only on the DETAILS but not on other aspects of the GENERAL THEME. | Observe the Passover for GENERATIONS, FOREVER [Thus all generations must observe the Passover even those who did not personally see the miracles] | Rashi identifies GENERATIONS-FOREVER as a GENERAL-DETAIL sequence. GENERATIONS could refer just to those generations that saw the exodus miracle (only they should celebrate Passover). GENERATIONS-FOREVER implies ALL GENERATIONS |
4 | 13.4 | Ex10-11a | SPREADSHEETS | spreadsheets | Rashi clarifies the consequences and definitions of a complex set of computations, associations or diagrams. Today such associations are normally clarified with a SPREADSHEET | Pharoh allowed the WARRIORS (seniors and lads) to go but prohibited the INFANTS (boys and girls) to go | Moses asked that SENIORS,LADS,BOYS,GIRLS be allowed to Go. Pharoh said YES to WARRIORS and NO to INFANTS. Rashi uses a SPREADSHEET to line up SENIORS,LADS,BOYS,GIRLS with WARRIORS,INFANTS |
4 | 13.4 | Ex10-11b | SPREADSHEETS | spreadsheets | Rashi clarifies the consequences and definitions of a complex set of computations, associations or diagrams. Today such associations are normally clarified with a SPREADSHEET | Pharoh allowed the WARRIORS (seniors and lads) to go but prohibited the INFANTS (boys and girls) to go | Moses asked that SENIORS,LADS,BOYS,GIRLS be allowed to Go. Pharoh said YES to WARRIORS and NO to INFANTS. Rashi uses a SPREADSHEET to line up SENIORS,LADS,BOYS,GIRLS with WARRIORS,INFANTS |
4 | 14.4 | Ex04-14a | DATABASE | patterns | Rashi makes a broad DATABASE query that reviews and uncovers patterns over the entire Bible or large parts of it | Whenever the Bible records a loss of God's temper we also find a punishment---since God lost His Temper on Moses for requesting not to be the leader of the Jewish people, therefore, he was punished and was not allowed to become Priest | Rashi is not simply commenting on a word phrase (such as Aaron the LEVITE). Rather Rashi's primary contribution is to make a broad DATABASE analysis of all verses where GOD LOST HIS TEMPER. In each case we find a PUNISHMENT nearby. |
5 | 2.5a | Ex12-21c | OTHER VERSES | further details | Rashi adds further details to the meaning of a given verse by citing an OTHER VERSE | In Ex12-21 Moses tells the Jews to take lambs PER FAMILY. The phrase PER FAMILY is illuminated by an OTHER VERSE Ex12-03 in which God tells the Jews to take a lamb PER FAMILY | Rashi shows how the phrase PER FAMILY is a literal citation of the same phrase in AN OTHER VERSE |
5 | 9.5a | Ex12-21a | FORMAT | bullets | Rashi interprets a repeating keyword as creating a BULLET like effect. Rashi then interprets the BULLET like effect to indicate contrastive emphasis on a group of items being discussed. | Moses said DRAG (from your OWN property) or TAKE (that is BUY from the Market) sheep for the Passover sacrifice | Rashi identifies the 2 verbs - DRAG, TAKE - as a BULLETED list. This BULLETED list creates a CONTRASTIVE EMPHASIS--two methods of acquisition are indicated |
5 | 9.5a | Ex12-21b | FORMAT | bullets | Rashi interprets a repeating keyword as creating a BULLET like effect. Rashi then interprets the BULLET like effect to indicate contrastive emphasis on a group of items being discussed. | Moses said DRAG (from your OWN property) or TAKE (that is BUY from the Market) sheep for the Passover sacrifice | Rashi identifies the 2 verbs - DRAG,TAKE - as a BULLETED list. This BULLETED list creates a CONTRASTIVE EMPHASIS--two methods of acquisition are indicated |
5 | 6.5a | Ex14-10c | WORD MEANINGS | synonyms | Rashi explains the nuances and differences between two SYNONYMS with almost identical meanings | The verse states that the Jews SCREAMED to God. Rashi explains that SCREAMING means PRAYING | Rashi identifies10 SYNONYMS for the concept of PRAYER |
5 | 6.5b | Ex15-08f | WORD MEANINGS | synonyms | Rashi explains the nuances and differences between two SYNONYMS with almost identical meanings | Ex15-08 says: the waters CURDLED. Rashi bases this translation on a similar use of the root in JOB referring to the CURDLING of cheese. Rashi explains that enemy feel on CURDLED water and was injured from hardness) | The verse seems to say the WATER WAS HEAPED. Rashi identifies the EXACT TYPE of HEAPING from a verse in JOB using a similar root which refers to the CURDLING of cheese |
5 | 3.5 | Ex15-10b | GRAMMAR | noun-verb transforms | Rashi coins a verb form of a noun--for example to DUST, to FLOWER or to HAMMER | Rashi translates: The ENEMY WHIRLPOOLED down to the depths | Rashi coins the verb form WHIRLPOOLED which refers to being sucked in by a WHIRLPOOL |
5 | 15.5a | Ex14-27a | WORD MEANINGS | idioms | Rashi explains the meaning of IDIOMATIC phrases -- that is, a group of word which together has a meaning that is distinct from the sum of the meanings of its component words | Rashi explains that the phrase TURN OF MORNING means DAWN | Rashi identifies the IDIOMATIC meaning of a group of words |
5 | 15.5b | Ex15-08a | WORD MEANINGS | idioms | Rashi explains the meaning of IDIOMATIC phrases -- that is, a group of word which together has a meaning that is distinct from the sum of the meanings of its component words | Rashi explains that WIND OF YOUR NOSTRILS means ANGER | Rashi identifies the IDIOMATIC meaning of a group of words |
5 | 11.5a | Ex15-26c | GRAMMAR | noun-verb transforms | Rashi coins a verb form of a noun--for example to DUST, to FLOWER or to HAMMER | Rashi explains that EAR GODS LAWS means to LISTEN PRECISELY, WEIGH all consequences, | Rashi identifies the VERB form TO EAR as meaning TO LISTEN INTENTLY and WEIGH all consequences. Here Rashi coins a verb form TO EAR of the NOUN ear. (The root for EAR and SCALE are the same in Hebrew) |
5 | 9.5b | Ex14-04a | FORMAT | bullets | Rashi interprets a repeating keyword as creating a BULLET like effect. Rashi then interprets the BULLET like effect to indicate contrastive emphasis on a group of items being discussed. | God says He will be honored THRU PHAROH (a difficult king) and THRU HIS ARMY (a difficult people) | Rashi interprets the repeating KEYWORD THRU to indicate a BULLET effect. The BULLET effect places separate EMPHASIS on each item: PHAROH, a difficult king and his ARMY, a difficult nation |
5 | 16.5a | Nu14-01a | ALIGNMENT | 2 nuances | Rashi ALIGNS verses or verse clauses with almost identical wording. The minor differences in the ALIGNMENT implies nuances. The Biblical use of ALIGNMENT is similar to the modern use of FOOTNOTES to indicate extra nuances to a text. | The verse says: CONGREGATION moaned, NATION cried. Rashi interprets: NATION=people, CONGREGATION = LEADERS | Rashi identifies the ALIGNED nature of the ALMOST identical verse clauses. From the minor differences CONGREGATION vs NATION Rashi infers that two groups are spoken about: The actual NATION and the CONGREGATION =the LEADERSHIP |
5 | 16.5b | Ex11-05a | ALIGNMENT | 2 nuances | Rashi ALIGNS verses or verse clauses with almost identical wording. The minor differences in the ALIGNMENT implies nuances. The Biblical use of ALIGNMENT is similar to the modern use of FOOTNOTES to indicate extra nuances to a text. | Ex11-05 vs Ex12-29 mentions that the 1stborn of SERVANTS vs. CAPTIVES were punished. The SERVANTS were punished because they enslaved the Jewish slaves . The CAPTIVES were punished for praising their own deity for Egypt's overthrow | Rashi identifies that Ex11-05 and Ex12-29 are ALMOST IDENTICAL and must be aligned. They only differ in use of the words SERVANTS vs CAPTIVES. Hence Rashi explains the NUANCES of this minor difference. |
5 | 16.5b | Ex11-05b | ALIGNMENT | 2 nuances | Rashi ALIGNS verses or verse clauses with almost identical wording. The minor differences in the ALIGNMENT implies nuances. The Biblical use of ALIGNMENT is similar to the modern use of FOOTNOTES to indicate extra nuances to a text. | Ex11-05 vs Ex12-29 mentions that the 1stborn of SERVANTS vs. CAPTIVES were punished. The SERVANTS were punished because they enslaved the Jewish slaves . The CAPTIVES were punished for praising their own deity for Egypt's overthrow | Rashi identifies that Ex11-05 and Ex12-29 are ALMOST IDENTICAL and must be aligned. They only differ in use of the words SERVANTS vs CAPTIVES. Hence Rashi explains the NUANCES of this minor difference. |
5 | 16.5b | Ex12-29d | ALIGNMENT | 2 nuances | Rashi ALIGNS verses or verse clauses with almost identical wording. The minor differences in the ALIGNMENT implies nuances. The Biblical use of ALIGNMENT is similar to the modern use of FOOTNOTES to indicate extra nuances to a text. | Ex11-05 vs Ex12-29 mentions that the 1stborn of SERVANTS vs. CAPTIVES were punished. The SERVANTS were punished because they enslaved the Jewish slaves . The CAPTIVES were punished for praising their own deity for Egypt's overthrow | Rashi identifies that Ex11-05 and Ex12-29 are ALMOST IDENTICAL and must be aligned. They only differ in use of the words SERVANTS vs CAPTIVES. Hence Rashi explains the NUANCES of this minor difference. |
5 | 12.5a | Ex15-01a | GRAMMAR | root conjugations | Rashi reviews the technical rules of conjugation roots and their meanings (Today most of this material can be found in standard grammar textbooks) | Rashi translates: I WISH to sing to God. | Rashi teaches the GRAMMAR principle that the future conjugation can also indicate the JUSSIVE/COHORTIVE mode--I WISH to do such and such |
5 | 12.5b | Ex15-06d | GRAMMAR | root conjugations | Rashi reviews the technical rules of conjugation roots and their meanings (Today most of this material can be found in standard grammar textbooks) | Rashi translates: You always SMASH the enemy | Rashi teaches the GRAMMATICAL principle that the FUTURE conjugation can also indicate the HABITUAL PRESENT---hence Rashi translates the FUTURE conjugation as meaning YOU ALWAYS DO SUCH AND SUCH |
5 | 12.5c | Ex15-07b | GRAMMAR | root conjugations | Rashi reviews the technical rules of conjugation roots and their meanings (Today most of this material can be found in standard grammar textbooks) | Rashi translates: You always OVERPOWER those coming against you. | Rashi teaches the GRAMMATICAL principle that the FUTURE conjugation can also indicate the HABITUAL PRESENT---hence Rashi translates the FUTURE conjugation as meaning YOU ALWAYS DO SUCH AND SUCH |
5 | 11.5b | Ex14-07a | GRAMMAR | noun-verb transforms | Rashi coins a verb form of a noun--for example to DUST, to FLOWER or to HAMMER | Rashi translates 600 ELITE chariots | Rashi identifies the ADJECTIVAL form of the verb TO CHOSE as meaning ELITE. Here Rashi uses a GRAMMATICAL transformation (CHOSE--ELITE) |
5 | 2.5b | Ex14-10b | OTHER VERSES | further details | Rashi adds further details to the meaning of a given verse by citing an OTHER VERSE | Rashi explains that SAW EGYPT also means THEY HAD DREAMS OF THE EGYPTIAN DEITY PURSUING THEM | Rashi derives this from Ex14-19 which mentions how the Jews had dreams and visions of the Angel of God protecting them. Hence because of this OTHER VERSE Rashi assumes that the slaves also had FLASHBACKS on the Egyptian Deity. |
6 | 2.6a | Ex19-15b | OTHER VERSES | further details | Rashi adds further details to the meaning of a given verse by citing an OTHER VERSE | Rashi infers the REASON for the PROHIBITION in Ex19-15 DO NOT COME NEAR A WOMAN. from an OTHER VERSE Ex19-22a which states LET THE PRIESTS....ALSO MAKE THEMSELVES HOLY.--- that is BECOME RITUALLY PURE/HOLY (no marital relations) | Rashi explains the reason for one verse (Ex19-15b) by citing an OTHER VERSE (Ex19-22a) |
6 | 2.6a | Ex19-22c | OTHER VERSES | further details | Rashi adds further details to the meaning of a given verse by citing an OTHER VERSE | Rashi infers the REASON for the PROHIBITION in Ex19-15 DO NOT COME NEAR A WOMAN. from an OTHER VERSE Ex19-22a which states LET THE PRIESTS....ALSO MAKE THEMSELVES HOLY.--- that is BECOME RITUALLY PURE/HOLY (no marital relations) | Rashi explains the reason for one verse (Ex19-15b) by citing an OTHER VERSE (Ex19-22a) |
6 | 2.6b | Ex19-24b | OTHER VERSES | further details | Rashi adds further details to the meaning of a given verse by citing an OTHER VERSE | Rashi modifies the meaning of Ex19-24b MOSES AND AARON WILL COME UP TO GOD from Ex24-01:02 which states AND MOSES ALONE SHALL COME UP...Hence MOSES came closest, Aaron came but was not as close, the people did not come | Rashi modifies the meaning of one verse by citing an OTHER VERSE which gives FURTHER DETAILS |
6 | 11.6 | Ex18-18c | WORD MEANINGS | metonymy (FFF) | An item is named by its FORM (e.g. PENTAGON), FUNCTION (e.g. United Nations),FEEL (e.g. HARDSHIP), by something closely RELATED (e.g. WEAPONS are called ARMS), or by an EXEMPLARY MEMBER (e.g. HONEY means ANYTHING SWEET) | Rashi points out that a BURDENsome activity is named by the way it FEELS - it FEELS like a BURDEN | Rashi identifies an ETYMOLOGY as focusing on a RELATED ITEM that FEELS the same way (BURDENSOME--BURDEN-HEAVY) |
6 | 12.6a | Ex18-16a | GRAMMAR | root conjugations | Rashi reviews the technical rules of conjugation roots and their meanings (Today most of this material can be found in standard grammar textbooks) | When they HAVE a case they COME to ME | Rashi identifies the sentence as a CONDITIONAL sentence (WHEN such and such THEN such and such). In HEBREW conditional sentences use FUTURE and PAST conjugation; In ENGLISH conditional sentences use PRESENT conjugations (When they HAVE ..they COME) |
6 | 12.6b | Ex18-22a | GRAMMAR | root conjugations | Rashi reviews the technical rules of conjugation roots and their meanings (Today most of this material can be found in standard grammar textbooks) | They SHALL always JUDGE the people | The PREFIX VAV followed by the PAST conjugation usually is translated as the FUTURE (They WILL judge). Here Rashi translates it as a COMMAND (They SHALL Judge) |
6 | 12.6c | Ex24-01a | GRAMMAR | root conjugations | Rashi reviews the technical rules of conjugation roots and their meanings (Today most of this material can be found in standard grammar textbooks) | God had ALREADY told Moses to come up to the Mountain [So this chapter was said PRIOR to the 10 commandments] | Rashi translates: PREFIX VAV+FUTURE CONJUGATION means PAST (God SAID) but PAST CONJUGATION means PAST PERFECT (God HAD SAID) |
6 | 16.6 | Ex19-03c | ALIGNMENT | 2 nuances | Rashi ALIGNS verses or verse clauses with almost identical wording. The minor differences in the ALIGNMENT implies nuances. The Biblical use of ALIGNMENT is similar to the modern use of FOOTNOTES to indicate extra nuances to a text. | DISCUSS with the HOUSE OF JACOB(=women); TELL the SONS OF ISRAEL(=men) | Rashi identifies the two ALIGNED clauses of the verse as ALMOST identical; Rashi infers nuances (HOUSE=women, SONS=men) from the ALIGNED clauses |
6 | 16.6 | Ex19-03d | ALIGNMENT | 2 nuances | Rashi ALIGNS verses or verse clauses with almost identical wording. The minor differences in the ALIGNMENT implies nuances. The Biblical use of ALIGNMENT is similar to the modern use of FOOTNOTES to indicate extra nuances to a text. | DISCUSS with the HOUSE OF JACOB(=women); TELL the SONS OF ISRAEL(=men) | Rashi identifies the two ALIGNED clauses of the verse as ALMOST identical; Rashi infers nuances (HOUSE=women, SONS=men) from the ALIGNED clauses |
6 | 8.6 | Ex20-19c | CONTRADICTION | 2 aspects | Rashi resolves 2 contradictory verses by viewing them as describing 2 different aspects of the same item | Ex20-19 says God spoke to Jews from HEAVEN; Ex19-20 says God DESCENDED to EARTH (Mount Sinai). Dt04-36 clarifies: Gods VOICE is from HEAVEN while his FIRE is on EARTH/MOUNT SINAI | Rashi identifies two contradictory verses. Rashi resolves the contradiction by focusing on TWO aspects of GOD: His VOICE in HEAVEN vs. HIS FIRE on EARTH |
6 | 17.6 | Ex18-23a | STYLE | general-detail-general | Rashi sees a Biblical paragraph unit as consisting of a PARAGRAPH THEME sentence accompanied by DETAILS developing the PARAGRAPH THEME. Consequently the DETAILS are generalized since they are seen as exemplifying the GENERAL THEME. | Ex18-19:23 has an ABA form and states (A) Seek Gods approval (B) appoint a hierarchy of Judges (A) If God approves it will be well with you. Hence the Rashi comment: Jethro's advised Moses to seek Gods approval of a Judge Hierarchy | Rashi identifies the GENERAL (God be with you) DETAIL (create a hierarchy of Judges) GENERAL (If God approves it will be Good) structure of Ex18-19:23. This GENERAL-DETAIL-GENERAL structure implies that Hierarchy needed Gods approval |
6 | 10.6 | Ex19-12c | FORMAT | climax | Rashi perceives a LIST of paragraph or sentence items as listed in CLIMACTIC order. This CLIMACTIC order allows inferences of nuances. | Ex19-12 states: At the revelation a) Don't go up into the mountain and b) don't EVEN approach its borders | Rashi IDENTIFIES the CLIMACTIC nature of the verse: Don't go a) to the mountain b) or even to the borders. Rashi emphasizes this CLIMACTIC nature by inserting the word EVEN. |
6 | 14.6 | Ex20-02b | DATABASE | patterns | Rashi makes a broad DATABASE query that reviews and uncovers patterns over the entire Bible or large parts of it | Rashi reviews all verses mentioning the exodus and discovers Patterns. 1 of the 9 verses states "..FROM PHAROH KING OF EGYPT" emphasizing that we were not ordinary slaves but slaves of the King (Treated well) | Rashi gathers all verses mentioning the EXODUS. Rashi arranges these 9 verses in a table which exhibits patterns.Certain phrases only occur once or twice leading to Rashi comments |
6 | 14.6 | Dt06-12a | DATABASE | patterns | Rashi makes a broad DATABASE query that reviews and uncovers patterns over the entire Bible or large parts of it | Rashi reviews all verses mentioning the exodus and discovers Patterns. All 9 of the verses refer to our slavery in the HOUSE OF SLAVES--Rashi explains although we were slaves we did not dwell in barns and fields but rather in houses | Rashi gathers all verses mentioning the EXODUS. Rashi arranges these 9 verses in a table which exhibits patterns.Certain phrases only occur once or twice leading to Rashi comments |
6 | 14.6 | Dt13-06b | DATABASE | patterns | Rashi makes a broad DATABASE query that reviews and uncovers patterns over the entire Bible or large parts of it | Rashi reviews all verses mentioning the exodus and discovers Patterns. 2 of the 9 verses mentioned that we were REDEEMED Rashi comments: If God ONLY REDEEMED YOU (Paid Egyptians for your freedom) you would still be indebted to him | Rashi gathers all verses mentioning the EXODUS. Rashi arranges these 9 verses in a table which exhibits patterns.Certain phrases only occur once or twice leading to Rashi comments |
6 | 13.6 | Dt09-18a | SPREADSHEETS | spreadsheets | Rashi clarifies the consequences and definitions of a complex set of computations, associations or diagrams. Today such associations are normally clarified with a SPREADSHEET | There were 3 ascents of 40 days.1st) Moses received the 10 commandments; 2nd) Moses prayed that God should not destroy the Jews who had made the Golden calf. 3rd) Moses received the 10 commandments a second time. | Rashi organizes the contents of Dt09, Dt10 using a SPREADSHEET clearly showing the 3 ascents of 40 days, what was done on each ascent, when they began and when they ended. |
6 | 13.6 | Dt09-25a | SPREADSHEETS | spreadsheets | Rashi clarifies the consequences and definitions of a complex set of computations, associations or diagrams. Today such associations are normally clarified with a SPREADSHEET | There were 3 ascents of 40 days.1st) Moses received the 10 commandments; 2nd) Moses prayed that God should not destroy the Jews who had made the Golden calf. 3rd) Moses received the 10 commandments a second time. | Rashi organizes the contents of Dt09, Dt10 using a SPREADSHEET clearly showing the 3 ascents of 40 days, what was done on each ascent, when they began and when they ended. |
6 | 13.6 | Dt10-01a | SPREADSHEETS | spreadsheets | Rashi clarifies the consequences and definitions of a complex set of computations, associations or diagrams. Today such associations are normally clarified with a SPREADSHEET | There were 3 ascents of 40 days.1st) Moses received the 10 commandments; 2nd) Moses prayed that God should not destroy the Jews who had made the Golden calf. 3rd) Moses received the 10 commandments a second time. | Rashi organizes the contents of Dt09, Dt10 using a SPREADSHEET clearly showing the 3 ascents of 40 days, what was done on each ascent, when they began and when they ended. |
6 | 13.6 | Dt10-10a | SPREADSHEETS | spreadsheets | Rashi clarifies the consequences and definitions of a complex set of computations, associations or diagrams. Today such associations are normally clarified with a SPREADSHEET | There were 3 ascents of 40 days.1st) Moses received the 10 commandments; 2nd) Moses prayed that God should not destroy the Jews who had made the Golden calf. 3rd) Moses received the 10 commandments a second time. | Rashi organizes the contents of Dt09, Dt10 using a SPREADSHEET clearly showing the 3 ascents of 40 days, what was done on each ascent, when they began and when they ended. |
6 | 18.6a | Ex20-22d | SYMBOLISM | item | Rashi symbolically interprets individual items or simple procedures. Rashi accomplishes this symbolic interpretation by studying the FORM, FUNCTION and LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTION of the item. | Do not use CUTTING TOOLS whose function is DESTRUCTIVE to make the ALTAR whose function is to bring PEACE and ATONEMENT between MAN and MAN or between MAN and GOD. | Rashi makes explicit the symbolic nature of CUTTING TOOLS and the ALTAR. Rashi identifies SYMBOLIC MEANING using the FUNCTION of the ITEM. Rashi is justified in using a SYMBOLIC approach because the Biblical text itself does so. |
6 | 18.6b | Ex20-23a | SYMBOLISM | item | Rashi symbolically interprets individual items or simple procedures. Rashi accomplishes this symbolic interpretation by studying the FORM, FUNCTION and LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTION of the item. | Don't go up to STEPS on the altar [Rashi: instead use a RAMP] so that you don't expose your nakedness to the stones [Rashi: The Bible uses ANTHROPOMORPHISM---if you shouldn't embarrass stones how much more so you shouldn't embarrass people] | Rashi makes explicit the Bible's use of SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOMORPHISM---if you shouldn't EMBARRASS stones how much more so you shouldn't embarrass people. |
6 | 18.6b | Ex20-23b | SYMBOLISM | item | Rashi symbolically interprets individual items or simple procedures. Rashi accomplishes this symbolic interpretation by studying the FORM, FUNCTION and LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTION of the item. | Don't go up to STEPS on the altar [Rashi: instead use a RAMP] so that you don't expose your nakedness to the stones [Rashi: The Bible uses ANTHROPOMORPHISM---if you shouldn't embarrass stones how much more so you shouldn't embarrass people] | Rashi makes explicit the Bible's use of SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOMORPHISM---if you shouldn't EMBARRASS stones how much more so you shouldn't embarrass people. |
6 | 19.6 | Gn48-11d | WORD MEANINGS | root | Rashi infers the meaning of a word from the meaning of its underlying Biblical root. | He washes his GARMENTS in WINE and his (wife's) LINGERIE in the BLOOD OF GRAPES | The meaning of the root SAMECH VAV TAUV is SEDUCE. When we combine the root meaning, SEDUCE, with the general meaning of the word, GARMENT, we arrive at the concept of NIGHTGOWN or LINGERIE. |
6 | 20.6 | Ex04-09b | FORMAT | underline/bold | Rashi treats a REPEATED Biblical word the same way a MODERN reader would treat an UNDERLINE or BOLD. The BOLD or UNDERLINE or REPEATED word indicates EMPHASIS. | God told Moses (a) take WATER from Nile, (b) Spill WATER in hand on ground (c) it becomes blood. [Rashi: The WATER remained WATER in Moses hand and only turned to blood when it hit the ground] | Rashi identifies the REPEATING WORD WATER. This repeated word is like an UNDERLINED word in a modern text--the underline creates emphasis--the WATER was still WATER in Moses hand and it did not turn to blood till it hit the ground. |
NotDone | 21.7 | Ex25-31a | OTHER VERSES | word meanings | Rashi takes a term whose intuitive general meaning is known and defines it further through an OTHER VERSE which provides further details. | The phrase HARD PRODUCTION occurs in several verses (e.g. Nu10-02). However Ex25-31 defines HARD PRODUCTION as SCULPTURED from one piece vs SOLDERED from several pieces. | Rashi reviews all verses using a Biblical word and identifies the verse that precisely defines its meaning |
NotDone | 22.7 | Gn24-29a | GRAMMAR | sentence | Rashi presents grammatical rules that affect whole sentences vs. individual words.One such rule are the CONNECTING rules. There are 3 methods to CONNECT sentences: CAUSE, CONTRAST, UNIFYING THEME. | Gn24-29 states a) Laban saw the bracelets and b) Laban Ran to Eliezer who gave them. [Rashi states: He ran because he wanted more gifts Here Rashi connects sentence (a) as the CAUSE of sentence (b)] | Rashi identifies the two sentences (SAW BRACELETS and RAN TO GIVER) and CONNECTS the 2 sentences as CAUSE EFFECT (He saw the bracelets and this caused him to run because he wanted more) |
NotDone | 23.7 | Ex20-03a | ALIGNMENT | 2 cases | Rashi ALIGNS two clauses with almost identical phrases and shows that they deal with two cases | Ex20-03 states DON'T MAKE idols, DON'T POSSESS other gods. [Rashi comments: These are two prohibitions: A prohibition of MANUFACTURE even if you sell it and don't keep it and a prohibition of POSSESSION even if someone else made it] | Rashi identifies and ALIGNS the two verse clauses and shows they differ in that one prohibits DON'T PRODUCE while the other prohibits DON'T POSSESS thereby indicating two prohibitions. |
NotDone | 24.7 | Nu08-24b | CONTRADICTION | 2 stages | Rashi resolves 2 contradictory verses by seeing them as two stages of one process. | Nu08-24 states that Levites start their TEMPLE EDUCATION at 25 while Nu04-03 states that LEVITES start their TEMPLE SERVICE at 30 | Rashi identifies a CONTRADICTION in two verses (Levites start at 25 vs 30) Rashi resolves the contradiction by seeing the two verses as describing two stages of one process (EDUCATION, SERVICE) |
NotDone | 25.7 | Ex21-06d | CONTRADICTION | broad-literal | Rashi resolves 2 contradictory verses by using BROAD-LITERAL interpretation of terms in these verses. | Ex21-06 states: a slave who refused freedom is enslaved FOREVER. This contradicts Lv25-10: all slaves GO FREE in the JUBILEE year. Rashi INTERPRETS the word FOREVER broadly vs literally--FOREVER means FOR A LONG TIME | Rashi identifies the two contradictory verses. Rashi resolves the contradiction by interpreting FOREVER broadly to mean A LONG TIME. Hence a slave can go free in JUBILEE and this does not contradict being enslaved A LONG TIME |
NotDone | 26.7 | Dt25-04a | STYLE | broad | Rashi GENERALIZES a verse. Alternately he sees the verse as only indicating an example of a more general obligation. | Dt25-04 prohibits muzzling an OX while threshing. Rashi generalizes this: You can't muzzle ANY ANIMAL while it is doing its work. | Rashi identifies the verse content as indicating only an example and generalizes the prohibition from OXEN to all ANIMALS. |
NotDone | 27.7 | Nu15-05a | FORMAT | paragraphs | Rashi identifies a collection of Biblical verses as forming a STRUCTURED PARAGRAPH. The PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE implies that specific TOPICS are being discussed in certain parts of the paragraph | Rashi identifiesNu15-01:10 as a paragraph dealing with the libations for a) LAMBS (Nu15-04:05), b) RAMS (Nu15-06:07), and c) OXEN (Nu15-08:09) | Rashi identifies the paragraph structure. Each subpart of the paragraph deals with a distinct animal and describes its libations. |
NotDone | 28.7 | Ex28-37a | SPREADSHEET | diagrams | Rashi verbally describes a complicated picture or diagram. | Rashi describes how the Priest mask was fastened to the head: One set of threads went AROUND the head from ear to ear; another set of threads went OVER the head. Thus the mask and its threads resembled the outline of a HELMET | Rashi verbally describes a complex diagram or picture. |
NotDone | 29.7 | Nu15-36a | SPREADSHEET | consequences | Rashi takes a verse whose meaning is understood and adds CONSEQUENCES or indicates PREREQUISITES | The verse says: The criminal was TAKEN OUTSIDE THE CAMP to be executed.[Rashi concludes: The execution chamber was distant from the courthouse (The extra distance allowed time for last minute defenses should they arise)] | Rashi gives a CONSEQUENCE of the verse--if the executed was TAKEN OUT then the execution chamber had to be DISTANT from the court. |
NotDone | 30.7 | Nu07-19c | SYMBOLISM | chapter | Rashi interprets an entire Biblical Chapter or Procedure as symbolic --- this involves integrating the symbolic meaning of several items in the chapter. | Rashi interprets the gifts of the princes at the consecration of the Temple as symbolically describing all of human history from Adam thru Moses thru the building of the Temple. | Rashi gives an INTERPRETATION THEME (human history) and INTERPRETATION KEY (use of numbers) to the SYMBOLIC interpretation (So 130= Adam's age when he begat successors, 70=# of nations, 10=10 commandments) |
NotDone | 31.7 | Nu04-24a | OTHER VERSES | citation | Rashi identifies the CITATION cross referenced in a verse. | Nu04-24 states that a SIN offering should be slaughtered IN THE SAME PLACE THAT AN UP OFFERING is slaughtered (Rashi cites Lv01-11 which states that UP offerings are slaughtered in the NORTH). | Rashi identifies the REFERENCE cited in the other verse |
The material in this appendix is suitable for manipulation on spreadsheets. It is ideal for review. This appendix is (C) July 2006, RashiYomi Incorporated as part of this book. |
Lesson | Example | Verse | Method | Sub Method | Brief Explanation of Method | Brief summary of Rashi | The contribution or Novelty of Rashi |
1 | 2.1a | Dt26-05d | OTHER VERSES | further details | Rashi adds further details to the meaning of a given verse by citing an OTHER VERSE | Dt26-05 states that the Jews came down to Egypt with a TINY number of people. Gn46-27 further clarifies this by explaining that the number of people going down to Egypt were 70 | Rashi clarified the meaning of the term TINY by citing an OTHER VERSE which provided numerical information |
1 | 3.1a | Ex16-20b | GRAMMAR | noun-verb transforms | Rashi coins a verb form of a noun--for example to DUST, to FLOWER or to HAMMER | the manna WORMED worms | Rashi clarifies that the VERB FORM is derived from the NOUN form (TO WORM means that WORMS formed) |
1 | 4.1 | Gn50-15c | WORD MEANINGS | special connective words | Rashi explains and lists all usages of special connective words like AND, OR, IF, WHEN, BECAUSE, ALSO, THAT | After their father died the brothers were afriad: PERHAPS Joseph will hate us... | Rashi clarifies that the Hebrew connective word LAMED VAV can mean a) if b) if only it were so and c) perhaps |
1 | 5.1 | Gn48-11d | ALIGNMENT | word meanings | Rashi identifies the meanings of words by using parallel terms in ALIGNED pairs of verses | He washes, CLOTHING in WINE, and SAMECH-VAV-TAUV in GRAPE BLOOD | Rashi identifies the ALIGNED terms: WINE=GRAPE BLOOD and SAMECH-VAV-TAUV=GARMENT. Rashi translates SAMECH-VAV-TAUV as GARMENT |
2 | 6.2a | Lv02-05a | WORD MEANINGS | synonyms | Rashi explains the nuances and differences between two SYNONYMS with almost identical meanings | if you offer a Minchah offering on a FRYING PAN | Rashi identifies FRYING PAN and POT as two cooking utensils and explains the difference that one is FLAT and one is DEEP |
2 | 7.2a | Ex01-11b | STYLE | general-detail | Rashi identifies a paragraph unit as consisting of a GENERAL THEME followed by DETAILS. Rashi interprets the paragraph unit as focusing only on the DETAILS but not on other aspects of the GENERAL THEME. | the tax-masters AFFLICTED THEM BY making them BUILD CITIES | Rashi explains that although the concepts of TAX and AFFLICTION are GENERAL the Egyptians accomplished this affliction thru making the Jews BUILD CITIES |
2 | 8.2a | Ex01-16c | CONTRADICTION | 2 aspects | Rashi resolves 2 contradictory verses by viewing them as describing 2 different aspects of the same item | Ex01-12 says that the Egyptians EMOTIONALLY hated the ENTIRE Jewish people; Ex01-16 states that Pharoh POLITICALLY hated the MALES because he was suspicious of a savior who could arise from them | Rashi resolves the contradiction (Hatred of ALL PEOPLE vs Hatred of MALES) by distinguishing two aspects of the Jews: THE NATION vs the MALES and by distinguishing two aspects of HATRED: EMOTIONAL vs POLITICAL |
2 | 9.2a | Ex18-10a | FORMAT | bullets | Rashi interprets a repeating keyword as creating a BULLET like effect. Rashi then interprets the BULLET like effect to indicate contrastive emphasis on a group of items being discussed. | God saved the Jews FROM PHAROH, a harsh LEADER, and FROM EGYPT, a harsh Nation. | Rashi interprets the repeating keyword FROM as indicating BULLETS. Both PHAROH and EGYPT are bulleted creating a contrastive emphasis: Both the LEADER and NATION |
3 | 10.3a | Nu09-22a | FORMAT | climax | Rashi perceives a LIST of paragraph or sentence items as listed in CLIMACTIC order. This CLIMACTIC order allows inferences of nuances. | The Prophecy cloud lasts a a) night, b) day-night, c) 2 days, d) a month or e) DAYS=A YEAR | Rashi infers from the CLIMACTIC LISTING ORDER--eve, day-night, 2 days, month, DAYS that DAYS means A YEAR |
4 | 11.4a | Lv02-11a | WORD MEANINGS | metonomy (FFF) | An item is named by its FORM (e.g. PENTAGON), FUNCTION (e.g. United Nations),FEEL (e.g. HARDSHIP), by something closely RELATED (e.g. WEAPONS are called ARMS), or by an EXEMPLARY MEMBER (e.g. HONEY means ANYTHING SWEET) | HONEY means any SWEET FRUIT JUICE | Rashi names the WHOLE GROUP of SWEET ITEMS by an EXEMPLARY member, HONEY |
4 | 12.4a | Ex10-08b | GRAMMAR | root conjugations | Rashi reviews the technical rules of conjugation roots and their meanings (Today most of this material can be found in standard grammar textbooks) | And Moses and Aaron WERE RETURNED to Pharoh | Rashi identifies the CONJUGATION as the PASSIVE CAUSATIVE--that is someone CAUSED Moses and Aaron to return |
4 | 13.4 | Ex10-11a | SPREADSHEETS | spreadsheets | Rashi clarifies the consequences and definitions of a complex set of computations, associations or diagrams. Today such associations are normally clarified with a SPREADSHEET | Pharoh allowed the WARRIORS (seniors and lads) to go but prohibited the INFANTS (boys and girls) to go | Moses asked that SENIORS,LADS,BOYS,GIRLS be allowed to Go. Pharoh said YES to WARRIORS and NO to INFANTS. Rashi uses a SPREADSHEET to line up SENIORS,LADS,BOYS,GIRLS with WARRIORS,INFANTS |
4 | 14.4 | Ex04-14a | DATABASE | patterns | Rashi makes a broad DATABASE query that reviews and uncovers patterns over the entire Bible or large parts of it | Whenever the Bible records a loss of God's temper we also find a punishment---since God lost His Temper on Moses for requesting not to be the leader of the Jewish people, therefore, he was punished and was not allowed to become Priest | Rashi is not simply commenting on a word phrase (such as Aaron the LEVITE). Rather Rashi's primary contribution is to make a broad DATABASE analysis of all verses where GOD LOST HIS TEMPER. In each case we find a PUNISHMENT nearby. |
5 | 15.5a | Ex14-27a | WORD MEANINGS | idioms | Rashi explains the meaning of IDIOMATIC phrases -- that is, a group of word which together has a meaning that is distinct from the sum of the meanings of its component words | Rashi explains that the phrase TURN OF MORNING means DAWN | Rashi identifies the IDIOMATIC meaning of a group of words |
5 | 16.5a | Nu14-01a | ALIGNMENT | 2 nuances | Rashi ALIGNS verses or verse clauses with almost identical wording. The minor differences in the ALIGNMENT implies nuances. The Biblical use of ALIGNMENT is similar to the modern use of FOOTNOTES to indicate extra nuances to a text. | The verse says: CONGREGATION moaned, NATION cried. Rashi interprest: NATION=people, CONGREGATION = LEADERS | Rashi identifies the ALIGNED nature of the ALMOST identical verse clauses. From the minor differences CONGREGATION vs NATION Rashi infers that two groups are spoken about: The actual NATION and the CONGREGATION =the LEADERSHIP |
6 | 17.6 | Ex18-23a | STYLE | general-detail-general | Rashi sees a Biblical paragraph unit as consisting of a PARAGRAPH THEME sentence accompanied by DETAILS developing the PARAGRAPH THEME. Consequently the DETAILS are generalized since they are seen as examplifying the GENERAL THEME. | Ex18-19:23 has an ABA form and states (A) Seek Gods approval (B) appoint a hierarchy of Judges (A) If God approves it will be well with you. Hence the Rashi comment: Jethro's advised Moses to seek Gods approval of a Judge Hierarchy | Rashi identifies the GENERAL (God be with you) DETAIL (create a hierarchy of Judges) GENERAL (If God approves it will be Good) structure of Ex18-19:23. This GENERAL-DETAIL-GENERAL structure implies that Hierarchy needed Gods approval |
6 | 18.6a | Ex20-22d | SYMBOLISM | item | Rashi symbolically interprets individual items or simple procedures. Rashi accomplishes this symbolic interpretation by studying the FORM, FUNCTION and LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTION of the item. | Do not use CUTTING TOOLS whose function is DESTRUCTIVE to make the ALTAR whose function is to bring PEACE and ATONEMENT between MAN and MAN or between MAN and GOD. | Rashi makes explicit the symbolic nature of CUTTING TOOLS and the ALTAR. Rashi identifies SYMBOLIC MEANING using the FUNCTION of the ITEM. Rashi is justified in using a SYMBOLIC approach because the Biblical text itself does so. |
6 | 19.6 | Gn48-11d | WORD MEANINGS | root | Rashi infers the meaning of a word from the meaning of its underlying Biblical root. | He washes his GARMENTS in WINE and his (wife's) LINGEREE in the BLOOD OF GRAPES | The meaning of the root SAMECH VAV TAUV is SEDUCE. When we combine the root meaning, SEDUCE, with the general meaning of the word, GARMENT, we arrive at the concept of NIGHTGOWN or LINGEREE. |
6 | 20.6 | Ex04-09b | FORMAT | underline/bold | Rashi treats a REPEATED Biblical word the same way a MODERN reader would treat an UNDERLINE or BOLD. The BOLD or UNDERLINE or REPEATED word indicates EMPHASIS. | God told Moses (a) take WATER from Nile, (b) Spill WATER in hand on ground (c) it becomes blood. [Rashi: The WATER remained WATER in Moses hand and only turned to blood when it hit the ground] | Rashi identifies the REPEATING WORD WATER. This repeated word is like an UNDERLINED word in a modern text--the underline creates emphasis--the WATER was still WATER in Moses hand and it did not turn to blood till it hit the ground. |
NotDone | 21.7 | Ex25-31a | OTHER VERSES | word meanings | Rashi takes a term whose intuitive general meaning is known and defines it further through an OTHER VERSE which provides further details. | The phrase HARD PRODUCTION occurs in several verses (e.g. Nu10-02). However Ex25-31 defines HARD PRODUCTION as SCULPTORED from one piece vs SOLDERED from several pieces. | Rashi reviews all verses using a Biblical word and identifies the verse that precisely defines its meaning |
NotDone | 22.7 | Gn24-29a | GRAMMAR | sentence | Rashi presents grammatical rules that affect whole sentences vs. individual words.One such rule are the CONNECTING rules. There are 3 methods to CONNECT sentences: CAUSE, CONTRAST, UNIFYING THEME. | Gn24-29 states a) Laban saw the bracelets and b) Laban Ran to Eliezer who gave them. [Rashi states: He ran because he wanted more gifts Here Rashi connects sentence (a) as the CAUSE of sentence (b)] | Rashi identifies the two sentences (SAW BRACELETS and RAN TO GIVER) and CONNECTS the 2 sentences as CAUSE EFFECT (He saw the bracelets and this caused him to run because he wanted more) |
NotDone | 23.7 | Ex20-03a | ALIGNMENT | 2 cases | Rashi ALIGNS two clauses with almost identical phrases and shows that they deal with two cases | Ex20-03 states DONT MAKE idols, DONT POSSESS other gods. [Rashi comments: These are two prohibitions: A prohibition of MANUFACTURE even if you sell it and don't keep it and a prohibition of POSSESSION even if someone else made it] | Rashi identifies and ALIGNS the two verse clauses and shows they differ in that one prohibits DON'T PRODUCE while the other prohibits DON'T POSSESS thereby indicating two prohibitions. |
NotDone | 24.7 | Nu08-24b | CONTRADICTION | 2 stages | Rashi resolves 2 contradictory verses by seeing them as two stages of one process. | Nu08-24 states that Levites start their TEMPLE EDUCATION at 25 while Nu04-03 states that LEVITES start their TEMPLE SERVICE at 30 | Rashi identifies a CONTRADICTION in two verses (Levites start at 25 vs 30) Rashi resolves the contradiction by seeing the two verses as describing two stages of one process (EDUCATION, SERVICE) |
NotDone | 25.7 | Ex21-06d | CONTRADICTION | broad-literal | Rashi resolves 2 contradictory verses by using BROAD-LITERAL intepretation of terms in these verses. | Ex21-06 states: a slave who refused freedom is enslaved FOREVER. This contradicts Lv25-10: all slaves GO FREE in the JUBILEE year. Rashi INTERPRETS the word FOREVER broadly vs literally--FOREVER means FOR A LONG TIME | Rashi identifies the two contradictory verses. Rashi resolves the contradiction by interpreting FOREVER broadly to mean A LONG TIME. Hence a slave can go free in JUBILEE and this does not contradict being enslaved A LONG TIME |
NotDone | 26.7 | Dt25-04a | STYLE | broad | Rashi GENERALIZES a verse. Alternately he sees the verse as only indicating an example of a more general obligation. | Dt25-04 prohibits muzzling an OX while threshing. Rashi generalizes this: You can't muzzle ANY ANIMAL while it is doing its work. | Rashi identifies the verse content as indicating only an example and generalizes the prohibition from OXEN to all ANIMALS. |
NotDone | 27.7 | Nu15-05a | FORMAT | paragraphs | Rashi identifies a collection of Biblical verses as forming a STRUCTURED PARAGRAPH. The PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE implies that specific TOPICS are being discussed in certain parts of the paragraph | Rashi identifiesNu15-01:10 as a paragraph dealing with the libations for a) LAMBS (Nu15-04:05), b) RAMS (Nu15-06:07), and c) OXEN (Nu15-08:09) | Rashi identifies the paragraph structure. Each subpart of the paragraph deals with a distinct animal and describes its libations. |
NotDone | 28.7 | Ex28-37a | SPREADSHEET | diagrams | Rashi verbally describes a complicated picture or diagram. | Rashi describes how the Priest mask was fastened to the head: One set of threads went AROUND the head from ear to ear; another set of threads went OVER the head. Thus the mask and its threads resembled the outline of a HELMET | Rashi verbally describes a complex diagram or picture. |
NotDone | 29.7 | Nu15-36a | SPREADSHEET | consequences | Rashi takes a verse whose meaning is understood and adds CONSEQUENCES or indicates PREREQUISITES | The verse says: The criminal was TAKEN OUTSIDE THE CAMP to be executed.[Rashi concludes: The execution chamber was distant from the courthouse (The extra distance allowed time for last minute defenses should they arise)] | Rashi gives a CONSEQUENCE of the verse--if the executed was TAKEN OUT then the execution chamber had to be DISTANT from the court. |
NotDone | 30.7 | Nu07-19c | SYMBOLISM | chapter | Rashi interprets an entire Biblical Chapter or Procedure as symbolic --- this involves integrating the symbolic meaning of several items in the chapter. | Rashi interprets the gifts of the princes at the consecration of the Temple as symbolically describing all of human history from Adam thru Moses thru the building of the Temple. | Rashi gives an INTERPRETATION THEME (human history) and INTERPRETATION KEY (use of numbers) to the SYMBOLIC interpretation (So 130= Adam's age when he begat successors, 70=# of nations, 10=10 commandments) |
NotDone | 31.7 | Nu04-24a | OTHER VERSES | citation | Rashi identifies the CITATION cross referenced in a verse. | Nu04-24 states that a SIN offering should be slaughtered IN THE SAME PLACE THAT AN UP OFFERING is slaughtered (Rashi cites Lv01-11 which states that UP offerings are slaughtered in the NORTH). | Rashi identifies the REFERENCE cited in the other verse |