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      7. RASHI METHOD: FORMATTING
      BRIEF EXPLANATION:Inferences from Biblical formatting: --bold,italics, and paragraph structure.
      • Use of repetition to indicate formatting effects: bold,italics,...;
      • use of repeated keywords to indicate a bullet effect;
      • rules governing use and interpretation of climactic sequence;
      • rules governing paragraph development and discourse
      This example applies to Rashis Nu35-32b
      URL Reference: (c) http://www.Rashiyomi.com/rule1225.htm
      Brief Summary: Don't take bribes either 1) for purposes of fleeing to a refuge city OR 2) for purposes of leaving a refuge city early.

We have explained in our article Biblical Formatting located on the world wide web at http://www.Rashiyomi.com/biblicalformatting.pdf, that the Biblical Author indicated bullets by using repeating keywords.

That is, if a modern author wanted to get a point across using bullets - a list of similar but contrastive items - then the Biblical Author would use repeating keywords. Today's verse illustrates this principle.

Bullets whether indicated through modern notation or through the Biblical method of repeating keywords always indicate contrastive emphasis - that is, each bullet is presumed to be a distinct item contrasted to the other items on the list. Very often the bullets are also used to indicate that the entire list is exhaustive of some spectrum.

    Verse(s) Nu35-32 discussing the prohibition of taking bribes from murderers states
      Do not take bribes
    • [from a willful murder who should not go to a refuge city] For purposes of fleeing to his refuge city [or]
    • [from a negligent murder who must stay in the refuge city] For purposes of returning and dwelling in the land
    The repeated underlined phrase for purposes creates a bullet effect. The bullet effect in turn creates an emphasis on the distinctness of all enumerated items. Rashi interprets the distinctness as follows It is prohibited to take bribes neither from
    • a willful murderer, who should not be given asylum in the refuge cities, but wants asylum there nor from
    • a negligent murderer, who must remain in the refuge city, but wants to return home.

Advanced Rashi: This is a rare opportunity. Rashi does not explain the verse this way. In fact Rashi explicitly says I am forced to interpret the infinitive - for purposes of fleeing - as referring to someone who fleed. There are several precedents. The reason I am forced to interepret the infinitive this way is that the verse would not read correctly if we translated Don't take bribes in order to flee to a refuge city in order to return to his homeland. Rashi finds this translation odd since he interprets the two occurrences of in order as sequential acts of the same person - don't take bribes from person X in order to flee to a refuge city so that person X can return. That doesn't make sense.

However we can solve Rashi's problem by using the bullet method. We can interpret the two occurrences of in order in the verse as referring to two different situations. Don't take bribes (1) from a willful murderer who should not go to a refuge city, in order to enable him to go or (2) from a negligent murderer who should remain in the city, in order to allow him to escape. Such use of bullets is common in the Bible!! Our approach also allows preservation of translation of the infinitive without seeking exotic alternative translations.

This is exciting - we have solved a problem preventing Rashi from interpreting the verse in a simple grammatical manner and given a simple natural interpretation consistent with grammar and Jewish law.


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