Rashi-Is-Simple Mailing List VISIT the RASHI DATABASE archives AT http://www.RashiYomi.com/ Surfing the Talmudic Seas (C) RashiYomi Incorporated, 2003 Written by Dr Russell Jay Hendel Volume 19 Number 9 For the WORD QUALITY HTML VERSION click here ----------------------------------- http://www.Rashiyomi.com/h19n9.htm ----------------------------------- Produced Sep 17th, 2003 WARNING: USE FIXED WIDTH FONTS (eg COURIER (NEW) 10) |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-03 | ||
Whats new and hot in this issue? | ||
ITEM | WHATS NEW & HOT IN THIS ISSUE | |
METALEPSIS | Double metaphors like SMOKING ANGER | |
|
||
*1 METALEPSIS is a fancy term for meaning by RELATIONSHIP ------------------------------------------------- For example:anger is RELATED to getting HEATED HEAT is related to SMOKE Hence a SMOKING anger indicates an INTENSE anger. ------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------ Another example of METALEPSIS might be Gn19-08 -- For these people came in the SHADOW of my ROOF Here roof is RELATED to house House in turn is RELATED to security Thus the verse thru this METALEPSIS indicates that these people came here to get security from the night. ------------------------------------------------ See below for further examples |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-03 | |||
| |||
VERSE | RULE | BRIEF DESCRIPTION | |
======== | =============== | ======================================== | |
Dt29-19b | WORD MEANINGS | K-N-A means POSSESSIVE;SRR=SCAN/VISION | |
Dt32-16a | WORD MEANINGS | K-N-A means POSSESSIVE;SRR=SCAN/VISION | |
Dt32-21a | WORD MEANINGS | K-N-A means POSSESSIVE;SRR=SCAN/VISION | |
Ex20-05a | WORD MEANINGS | K-N-A means POSSESSIVE;SRR=SCAN/VISION | |
Ex34-14a | WORD MEANINGS | K-N-A means POSSESSIVE;SRR=SCAN/VISION | |
Nu05-14b | WORD MEANINGS | K-N-A means POSSESSIVE;SRR=SCAN/VISION | |
Nu11-29b | WORD MEANINGS | K-N-A means POSSESSIVE;SRR=SCAN/VISION | |
Nu25-11b | WORD MEANINGS | K-N-A means POSSESSIVE;SRR=SCAN/VISION | |
Dt04-24a | WORD MEANINGS | K-N-A means POSSESSIVE;SRR=SCAN/VISION | |
Dt29-18c | WORD MEANINGS | K-N-A means POSSESSIVE;SRR=SCAN/VISION | |
Dt29-17d | WORD MEANINGS | Wild weeds,fantasys of heart,anger smoke | |
Dt29-19a | WORD MEANINGS | Wild weeds,fantasys of heart,anger smoke | |
Dt29-09b | OTHER TRIBES | Each Jew/Tribe belonged to one spot | |
Dt29-16c | ALIGNMENT | Non Jews worry about theft of their gods | |
--------- | ---------------- | ----------------------------------- |
#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc.2003, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#
VERSE: Dt29-19b
RASHIS COVERED: Dt29-19b Dt32-16a Dt32-21a Ex20-05a Ex34-14a
Nu05-14b Nu11-29b Nu25-11b Dt04-24a Dt29-18c
Dt29-17d Dt29-19a
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-03 | ||
SUCCINCT SUMMARY ---------------- Rashi frequently explains meaning by providing a UNIFIED MEANING or UNDERLYING THEME to disparate meanings of one root EXAMPLE Kuph Nun Hey -------------------- The Biblical root Kuph-Nun-Hey means - TO STAND FIRM ON ONES RIGHTS - NOT TO OVERLOOK ONES RIGHTS - TO BE POSSESSIVE This theme unifies such disparate meanings as REVENGE and BEING FIRM. See the list below for examples EXAMPLE Shin Resh ----------------- The root Shin-Vuv-Resh is normally translated as TO SEE. But closer analysis shows it means - LONG RANGE SCANNING/ OVERVIEWING/ BIRDS EYE VIEW Hence it can also refer to POETIC VISIONS or FANTASIES. | ||
ITEM | DETAIL | |
RASHI RULE CLASS: | WORD MEANINGS | |
RASHI SUBRULE CLASS | UNIFIED MEANING | |
RASHI WORKBOOK PRINCIPLE | #7 | |
SEE BELOW | LIST862c | |
List of verses with | Root Kuph-Nun-Hey(Possessive) | |
------------------------ | -------------------------------- | |
SEE BELOW | LIST862d | |
List of verses with | Root Shin-Resh(Vision/Scan) | |
------------------------ | -------------------------------- | |
SEE BELOW | LIST814a | |
List of word pairs with | Verb and Verb-Form meaning |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-03 | ||
List of verses with root Nun-Kuph-Hey. The unifiying meaning is - to stand firm on ones rights - not overlook ones rights - to be possessive | ||
VEDRSE | HOW ROOT kuph-nun-hey IS USED | |
Nu05-14b | Husband doesNT OVERLOOK wifes seclusion with men | |
Nu11-29b | Joshua doesNT OVERLOOK Moses honor*2 *10 | |
------ | --------------------------------------------- | |
Dt29-19b | God will punish, NOT OVERLOOK, idolatry sins*10 | |
Dt32-16a | They sinned and CAUSED ME to NOT OVERLOOK sins*1 | |
Dt32-21a | They sinned and CAUSED ME to NOT OVERLOOK sins*1 | |
Ex20-05a | God STANDS FIRM on His Honor (no idolatry) | |
Ex34-14a | God STANDS FIRM on his Honor (no idolatry) | |
Nu25-11b | Pinchas killed idolater-stood FIRM on Gods honor | |
Dt04-24a | God AFFIRMS HIS HONOR--does not overlook sins | |
|
||
*1 Kuph-Nun-Hey occurs here in the causative mode---the Jews CAUSED GOD TO BE POSSESSIVE *2 So Moses response to Joshua is understood as follows: ----------------------------------------- These people say (prophetically) that I will die. You should therefore leave them alone as my honor is enhanced by encouraging prophecy (even if it is bad for me) ------------------------------------------ --------------------- LONGER FOOTNOTES ----------------- *10 The actual texts of Rashi are interesting. Rashi states different definitions in different Rashis. One has to literally read all 8 Rashis/Verses to get a comprehensive view that Kuph-Nun-Hey means EITHER - to stand firm on ones rights - to not overlook ones rights - to be possessive See http://www.Rashiyomi.com/nu05-14b.htm for a fuller discussion. After reading the above verses one sees that Kuph-Nun-Hey can refer to violent affirmation of rights (REVENGE) but need not necessarily do so |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-03 | ||||
List of verses from root SHIN-VUV-RESH*10 The unifying theme is one of - SCANNING - obtaining a BIRDS EYE VIEW Below we show in each case how each particular root relates to this general theme. | ||||
ROOT | MEANING | RELATION TO SCANNING | VERSE | |
Shin Vuv Resh | SCANNING | Birds eye-viewing*1 | Nu24-17 | |
Shin Vuv resh | SONG/POEM | A vision/scan of the future*2 | Ex15-01 | |
Shin Vuv Resh | WALL | Place of SCANNING for enemy*3 | Gn49-22 | |
Shin Vuv Resh | Ox*4 | You SCAN the field with the ox | Lv17-03 | |
Shin Res Resh | Fantasy | Long term visions/desires*5 *10 | Dt29-18c | |
|
||||
*1 e.g Nu24-17(Bilam gives BIRDS EYEVIEW of Jews future Songs04-08 (The lover SCANS from the hilltop)*10 *2 E.g. Ex15-01 the SONG of Moses and Israel*10 or Ju05-01 The SONG of Deborah Here we translate SONG as VISION *3 Radack says the proper translation is FORTRESS WALL Some examples are Gn49-06 Simon and Levi destroyed the FORTRESS WALL of Schem Gn49-22 Girls SCAN the wall to look at Josephs beauty *4 Technically speaking the OX does not SCAN Rather the ox PLOUGHS the field and PLOUGHING has the same FORM as SCANNING (Just one is done with vision and one with a plow). Thus this example--OX-PLOUGH-SCAN --would belong with our list of items named by their FORM (Other examples of naming by the FORM OF AN ACTIVITY are brainSTORMING, SURFing the net etc) See LIST814a for further examples of NAMING BY FORM *5 We can see here the unifying aspect. Any of the following translations would seem to fit - I will go according to the FANTASIES of my heart - I will go according to my POETIC VISION - I will go according to my BIRDS EYEVIEW of my FUTURE | ||||
|
||||
*10 We have followed RADACK, BOOK OF ROOTS in identifying the roots of these words. Radack himself notes that the proper classification of the SHIN-RESH-RESH verb may be SHIN-VUV-RESH |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-03 | ||||
Words named by FORM OF ACTIVITY. For example, a STORM refers to ALOT of drops. By analogy a BRAINSTORM refers to a ALOT of thoughts | ||||
WORD | MEANS | FROM | MEANING | |
BrainSTORM | ALOT of Thought droplets | STORM | ALOT of drops | |
SURF The web | BUMPY lookups | SURF | BUMPY journey | |
LOUD Dress | ALOT of noticability | LOUD | ALOT of noise | |
DOUGHED leg | SWOLLEN leg | DOUGH | TO RAISE DOUGH*1 | |
FLY | Flying thru air | Fly | The housefly*1 | |
OX(SR) | Animal that PLOUGHS field | SCAN | SCAN=PLOUGH*2 | |
|
||||
*1 There are two steps here - DOUGH (the object) refers to DOUGH RISING (Verb) - DOUGH RISING refers to ANY SWELLING Similarly - FLY (Housefly) refers to FLIGHT OF HOUSEFLY(Verb) - HOUSEFLY FLIGHT refers to ANY TYPE OF FLYING In each case the original narrow meaning (housefly flight, rising dough) refers to the general activity form. See LIST050d for further details. *2 That is the visual form of SCANNING is identical to the physical form of PLOUGHING(See LIST862d for more information on the root Shin-Vuv-Resh) |
*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2003, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
VERSE: Dt29-17d
RASHIS COVERED: Dt29-17d Dt29-19a
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-03 | ||
SUCCINCT SUMMARY ---------------- One of Rashis 5 main goals*10 is the explanation of meaning. In explaining meaning Rashi had a variety of literary vehicles. EXAMPLE - Dt29-19a DOUBLE METONOMY- METALEPSIS ------------------------------------------ METONOMY and METALEPSIS are literary techniques whereby a word can ALSO mean something RELATED to that word. Thus SMOKING is related to HEAT and HEAT is related to ANGER Hence to SMOKE ANGER means tobe VERY ANGRY. This METALEPSIS can in fact be proven by a list of verses exhibited below EXAMPLE Dt29-17d-METAPHOR ------------------------------ Certain classes of words have known dual meanings in two spheres of thought. For example many words referring to PLANTS also refer to THOUGHTS. Hence we have FRUITful ideas, BRANCHES OF thought,etc In this vein Rashi interprets WILD WEEDS to refer to paranoic thoughts of evil. This PLANT-THOUGHT duality illustrates a consistent use of the literary technique of METAPHOR since eg ADVICE is metaphorically compared to an idea that bears FRUIT (FRUITful idea) (Hence TREE(Ayin-Tzade) comes to mean ADVICE (Ayin-Tzade-Hey)--FRUITbearing ideas) | ||
ITEM | DETAIL | |
RASHI RULE CLASS: | WORD MEANINGS | |
RASHI SUBRULE CLASS | UNIFIED MEANING | |
RASHI WORKBOOK PRINCIPLE | #7 | |
SEE BELOW | LISt871c | |
List of verses with | Double metonomy: Anger Smoked | |
----------------------- | ------------------------------ | |
SEE BELOW | LIST872a | |
List of verses with | PLANT-THOUGHT metaphor | |
|
||
| ||
|
||
*10 Two years ago I published my summary of Rashi rules which can be found at http://www.rashiyomi.com/rules-01.htm There I advocate 6 classes of Rashi rules. Based on a paper I recently presented I believe that from a point of view of computer science it is better to say that there are 5 classes of Rashi rules. This new approach will be summarized in a new version of this paper which I will publish later in this year or next. |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-03 | ||
List of verses with the phrase SMOKING ANGER which indicates INTENSE ANGER. SMOKING ANGER is an example of a double metonomy, or METALEPSIS since INTENSE ANGER is related to GETTING HEATED and HEAT is related to SMOKE. | ||
VERSE | TEXT OF VERSE with phrase ANGER SMOKING | |
Dt29-19a | Gods anger will smoke on this person | |
2S22-09 | Smoke arose FROM his ANGER*1 | |
Is65-05 | On these, smoke arises from my anger*2 | |
P018-09 | Smoke arises from his anger*3 | |
P074-01 | God why have you smoked your anger on us*4 | |
|
||
*1 THere is a sort of double pun here. AP means both anger and nostrils So we could equally translate the verse as --------------------------------- smoke arose in His nostrils --------------------------------- or ----------------------------- smoke arose from His anger ----------------------------- The rest of the verse echoes this double pun ------------------------------- smoke arose from His anger/nostrils and fire consumes from His mouth --------------------------------- *2 Again the double metonomy shows itself -------------------------- on these smoke arises from my anger a fueled fire the whole day -------------------------- *3 Again the double metonomy shows itself ------------------- smoke arises from His anger fire consumes from His mouth coals are inflamed from Him ------------------- Actually we have here a triple metonomy: anger-heat-smoke anger-heat-fire and anger-heat-fire-coal *4 P074-01 conveniently identifies the meaning of the double metonomy ------------------------------------ God Why have you deserted us --- ---- --- smoked your anger on us ------------------------------------ We conclude that SMOKING ANGER indicates DESERTING. |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-03 | |||
Illustration of meaning thru metaphor/simile. We list words with a double meaning referring to both the PLANT SPHERE and THOUGHT SPHERE eg. ADVICE is to thought as a TREE is to plants--they both give FRUIT (cf the English FRUITful idea). Hence the Hebrew word for advice is TREE. This is a METAPHOR since in reality we are saying that ADVICE, IS LIKE A TREE (in that it gives fruit)(Ayin-Tzade, Ayin-Tzade-Hey) Hence we translate Dt29-17d as ROOTS MULTIPLYING WITH POISON which metaphorically refers to PARANOIC THOUGHTS | |||
Biblical Root | Plant | Speech Meaning | |
Mem-Lamed-Lamed | Leaf | Word*1 | |
Samech Ayin Pay | Branch | Branch of thought*2 | |
Aleph-Mem-Resh | Branch | Speech/Branch of Thought | |
Ayin Tzade | Tree | Advice-FRUITfull idea*3 | |
Chet-Resh-Shin | Plough | Think*4 | |
Resh-Ayin-Hey | Graze | Think*4 | |
Resh-Aleph-Shin | Poison | Paranoic*5 | |
|
|||
*1 MeLiLoTh vs MiLeL *2 SeiF means BRANCH; SayAFiM means branches of thought--paranoic fantasies. Similarly AMIR means HEAD BRANCH and also SPEECH *3 A beautiful etymology due to Rav Hirsch ADVICE are those thoughts that are FRUITful Ayin-Tzade vs Ayin-Tzade-Hey *4 RoEh vs Raayon. In both cases we refer to thoughts as ploughing and grazing mental pastures. *5 The actual verse is translated as follows ----------------------------------------- a ROOT that BREADS POISONOUS HERBS ---------------------------------------- Hence we have translated it as WILD WEED and PARANOIC THOUGHTS (These of course are simply good approximations) |
*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2003, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
VERSE: Dt29-09b
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-03 | ||
SUCCINCT SUMMARY ---------------- Rashi frequently illumines verses with skillfully quoted cross references. EXAMPLE ------- Dt29-09 states ---------------------------------------------------- You stand before God: Leaders, Tribes, Elders,People --------------------------------------------------- RASHI: Each tribe had its own place, its own leaders, elders and Judges. Thus the people were not just under LEADERSHIP but rather under MEANINGFUL LEADERSHIP...leaders who knew the people individually. The idea that Jews should not only be a nation but a nation of tribes is emphasized in several verses and ultimately goes back to the Patriarch Jacob who saw the importance of people living with people they can get along with In the list below we provide these cross references on the importance of living by tribes*10 | ||
ITEM | DETAIL | |
RASHI RULE CLASS: | OTHER VERSES | |
RASHI SUBRULE CLASS | FURTHER DETAILS | |
RASHI WORKBOOK PRINCIPLE | #1 | |
SEE BELOW | LIST210a | |
List of verse pairs with | references giving details | |
|
||
| ||
|
||
*10 This is an excellent exercise in how NOT to interpret Rashi It looks like Rashi is commenting on superfluity ------------------------------------------ Why does it say TRIBES and also say ALL PEOPLE ------------------------------------------ Rashi appears to answer this question with an ellipsis Rashi actually says ---------------------- Heads TO YOUR tribes ---------------------- So it looks as if Rashi is providing an elliptical interpretation ------------------------------------- Rashi seems to interpret the Biblical words HEADS TRIBES as HEADS TO YOUR TRIBES ------------------------------------- But we can demur to this explanation - Ellipsis by and large is a technique used in Poetical context to provide emphasis. It is not usually used in ordinary lists. I would therefore answer the question as to why it says TRIBES and ALL JEWS as follows ------------------------------------------- The phrase ALL JEWS refers to WHO was there--namely all Jews. The phrase TRIBES refers to the FORM of those that were there--namely they were assembled each person in his tribes slot ------------------------------------------ So when Rashi says HEADS TO EACH TRIBE Rashi is NOT providing an ellipsis between HEADS and TRIBES. Rather Rashi is commenting on the word HEADS (and equally on ELDERS and JUDGES). ------------------------------------ Both Heads, elders and judges of ALL OF ISRAEL as well as each TRIBE was standing there Therefore the verse states - HEADS (Of tribes) - Tribes - Elders (By Tribe!) - Judges (By Tribe!) ------------------------------------ In short Rashi - is providing a small comment on which HEADS, ELDERS and JUDGES were there - Rashi does NOT answer the question as to why it says TRIBES and ALL JEWS - The (obvious) answer to this question is that the Jews were assembled BY TRIBE Thus this Rashi provides a good exercise in how to properly interpret Rashi |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-03 | ||||
We present a list of verses where further details of the verse are presented from other verses. The classical example is the Passover Hagaddah example: The verse Dt26-05d, ONLY A FEW JEWS WENT DOWN TO EGYPT, is illumined by Gn46-27 which states that 70 PEOPLE WENT DOWN TO EGYPT. Thus the technique of OTHER VERSES teaches us that A FEW JEWS(Dt26-05d) means 70(Gn46-27) | ||||
VERSE | TEXT OF VERSE | OTHER VRSE | DETAILS | |
Dt29-09b | All Jews here, TRIBES,*3 | Nu02-02 | Each Jew has tribe | |
Nu24-07c | Jews greater than AGAG | 1S15-33*2 | AGAG,King Amalayk | |
Lv21-18a | Blemish priests no-serve | Mal01-08 | It is disgusting*1 | |
Lv01-12a | the THANK YOU OFFERING | Ps127-01 | 4 Thank Yous | |
Lv01-05a | Slaughter Sacrifice | 2Chr30-17 | A Levite Can | |
Dt26-05d | A FEW Jews came to Egypt | Gn46-27 | 70 people came | |
Gn21-23b | I treated you NICELY | Gn20-15 | I gave you LAND | |
Dt25-13b | Dont have big STONES | Lv19-36 | Big STONE WEIGHTS | |
Gn26-05e | because ABRAHAM OBEYED | Gn22-18 | He offered Isaac | |
Ex13-17c | Jews afraid of war | Nu14-42 | Defeat of Jews | |
Ex17-10b | Chur | 1Ch2-18:19 | Kalevs son | |
Ex35-30a | Chur | 1Ch2-18:19 | Kalevs son | |
Ex24-14c | Chur | 1Ch2-18:19 | Kalevs son | |
|
||||
*1 Lv21-18 says - Blemished priests dont serve BECAUSE blemished - priests dont serve Mal01-08 amplifies this - Would you give a blemished animal to your governor? - Would he like it? Would he grant your favor? *2 Rashis approach to the verse is literal--Bilam was a prophet and he foresaw the defeat of Amalayk by the Jews. Therefore the next phrase in the verse-- --------------------------------------- His(Jewish) Kingdom will be higher than AGAG and his (Jewish) reign will go higher --------------------------------------- This next phrase (GO HIGHER) would refer to the Kings after Shaul--to David and Solomon who had greater Kingdoms and greater victories than Shaul*10 *3 So the point of the verse is that not only were the nation of individual Jews there but that each Jew had his/her very own tribe. Already the Patriarch Jacob laid down the modern idea that Jews must be able to live with people they are compatable with. In fact the layout of tribes given by Jacob (Gn49) and Moses (Nu02) are basically the same (See http://www.rashiyomi.com/gn50-13a.htm) Thus Rashi borrowed the idea of JEWS BY TRIBE and applied it to Dt29-09 | ||||
|
||||
*10 It is also possible to have a poetic approach to these verses. Thus - AGAG from GAG would refer to the ROOF nations, that is, nations who think that they are self sufficient (Their own ROOF) and dont need God. The ROOF nations include AMALAYK under King AGAG They would also include the MAGOG kingdom under king GOG (See Ez38) which the Jews will defeat in Messianic times. The second phrase in the verse --------------------------------------- His(Jewish) Kingdom will be higher than AGAG and his (Jewish) reign will go higher --------------------------------------- would therefore refer to King Messiah |
*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2003, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
VERSE: Dt29-16c
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-03 | ||
SUCCINCT SUMMARY ---------------- Several Biblical verses speak about the pagan gods of WOOD AND STONE. By contrast the one verse which speaks about the pagan gods of SILVER AND GOLD adds the adjectival phrase gODS ..WHICH ARE WITH THEM. The ALIGNMENT of these verses (WOOD STONE gODS vs SILVER GOLD gODS WITH THEM) clearly points to two cases - gODS WITH THEM say in the house vs - gODS Rashi justifies this emphasis by suggesting that there was worry that the SILVER GOLD gODS would be stolen (And there is Biblical precedent for worrying about stealing gODS) | ||
ITEM | DETAIL | |
RASHI RULE CLASS: | ALIGNMENT | |
RASHI SUBRULE CLASS | TWO CASES | |
RASHI WORKBOOK PRINCIPLE | #10 | |
SEE BELOW | LIST313d | |
Alignment of verses with | reference to gods of wood,stone,silver |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-03 | ||
Alignment of verses describing the material from which idols are made. Two cases are shown - Wood/stone idols which people left out in yards - silver/gold idols which people kept in houses due to worry about theft | ||
VERSE | TEXT OF VERSE WITH REFERENCE TO IDOLS | |
Dt04-28 | You will worship other gods WOOD and STONE | |
Dt28-36 | You will worship other gods WOOD and STONE | |
Dt28-64 | You will worship other gods WOOD and STONE | |
Dt29-16 | You saw .... the other gods WOOD and STONE | |
Dt29-16c | You saw .... the other gods GOLD and SILVER with them | |
Differs | *1 *2 *3 | |
|
||
*1 Some of these verses simply describe the idols that the Jews saw while other verses describe a curse that they will have to work with people who serve idols. This difference is immaterial to the further distinctions in these verses *2 WOOD STONE gODS are simply there. By contrast *3 SILVER GOLD gODS are WITH THEM. The emphasis given by this contrasting phrase suggests that pagans kept there GOLD SILVER gODS in their house because they were worried about theft*10 *11 | ||
|
||
*10 There are Biblical precedents for worrying about theft See Gn31-30 where Labans gods were stolen *11 Note the skillful way we performed the alignment It would be INCORRECT to argue as follows ------------------------------------- Dt29-16 You saw pagan gods WOOD STONE GOLD SILVER WITH THEM ------------------------------------- For in such a case the phrase WITH THEM could easily refer back to all items in the verse (to both the WOOD STONE GOLD and SILVER). The correct approach to the alignment is to align several verses speaking about pagan gods and note that in only one of them is the phrase WITH THEM mentioned (and that one occasion is in the verse mentioning GOLD and SILVER gods suggesting a worry about theft). |
*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2003, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#