Rashi-Is-Simple Mailing List
(C) Dr Russell Jay Hendel, 1998
Volume 01, Number 04
Produced Dec 22, 1998
Topics Discussed in This Issue
------------------------------
V-1222-1--Shorter versions, better format, encourage submissions
V1-46-19--4 wives mentioned; only Rachel was called "WIFE"
V1-46-27--OTHO means PERSONAL;Joseph's wagons had a personal message
V1-47-24--T-F words all means DROPLETS(in=drop of measurement)
V1-47-22--Priest can mean a) Priest or b) Great person
V1-47-6 --ChYL means TRAINED/SKILLED/DEVELOPED (not strength)
V1-45-3 --BROTHER is a repeated noun;Joe emphasized his brotherhood
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1998 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
VERSE: v-1222-1
* SHORTER VERSIONS:
-----------------
For those who want SHORTER versions
and don't want to read everything
you can suffice with the VERSE, RASHI,
and the NARRATIVE EXPLANATION
component of each posting.
There are the first 3 components.
Needless to say, a quick perusal of
the rest of the explanation will
usually give added insights and more details
I am also making short comments in the table of contents.
* SUBMISSSIONS
------------
You needn't submit anything to belong to this group. BUT...if you
have your favorite Rashi that is vexing you feel free to submit it
OR if a principle is mentioned and you want to know how it applies
to other Rashis, feel free to ask
OR if you feel you understood a principle and YOU want to apply
it to other cases feel free to ask.
In short feel free to post.
* FORMAT
-------
Feel free to make comments about typing and format. Starting this
issue I am removing the exclamation marks () in the lists & making
lines shorter (with 75 vs 80 character lines..this will
help prevent wrap around)
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1998 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
VERSE: v1-46-19 The sons of Rachel, Jacobs wife
------
RASHI TEXT: This is the only one of his 4 wives where the
---------- title wife is mentioned;
Rachel was the 'main part' of his house
BRIEF BUT COMPLETE NARATIVE EXPLANATION:
---------------------------------------
It is known that Jacob preferred Rachel over Leah
1-29-31. Comparing the list of references to
his 4 wives in this chapter (1-46) we find that
the title WIFE is used only
with Rachel. It is then straigtforward to
put these two facts together
and conclude that Rachel was the main part of his house.
Complete details are compactly presented below in {LIST1}.
As an example 1-46-15 states "..Leah, who bore to Jacob"
while 1-46-49 states "..Rachael, WIFE OF JACOB".
However a review of {LIST1} shows a total of 3 differences.
The other two differences are as follows:
In the other wives the children are mentioned first &
the wife at the END. Rachel however is mentioned both
BEFORE the children are mentioned and AFTER (1-46-19, 1-46-22).
Furthermore by the other wives the ACTIVE TENSE is used:
They BORE to Jacob by Rachel the PASSIVE TENSE is used: children
WERE BORN to Jacob.
This too is straightforward to explain.
It is well known that Leah tried to win Jacobs love thru
having many children (1-30-20). Hence the other wives are perceived
as being for the purpose of children: Therefore
-The active tense is used in describing the children AND
-The children are mentioned before the wives
For Rachel, by contrast, the bearing of children is mentioned in the
passive---he loved her independent of the children. Rachel is
mentioned before the children since her value was not determined
by children
RASHI'S FORM
------------
Rashi only mentions the reference to WIFE, the simplest
of the 3 list distinctions. He leaves it to the advanced reader to
* create the list
* find 3, not 1, difference(s)
* explain the other differences similarly
LIST: {Of references to Jacobs wives in 1-46}
-----
{LIST1}{Comparison of references to Jacobs wives in 1-46}
WIFE VERSE TEXT CHILDREN LIST
==== ======= ======================== =================
Leah 1-46-15 ..Leah who bore to Jacob $ Listed before her*
Rachel 1-46-19 ..Rachel, WIFE OF JACOB # Listed before & after%
Zilpah 1-46-18 ..Zilpah..she bore these..$ Listed before her*
Bilhah 1-46-25 ..Bilhah..she bore these..$ Listed before her*
FOOTNOTES:
=========
* In other words, the children are listed first and then it says:
'These (listed above) are the chidren of so and so'
% In the other wives the children are mentioned first & the wife
at the END Rachel however is mentioned both BEFORE and AFTER
(1-46-19, 1-46-22)
# WIFE OF JACOB is only mentioned by RACHEL
$ By the other wives the ACTIVE TENSE is used: They BORE to Jacob
By Rachel the PASSIVE TENSE is used: children WERE BORN to Jacob.
CROSS REFERENCES:
----------------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I posted on the email group, BaisTefila,
----------------an explanation of 4-22. I showed there how
Rashi frequently used "workbook methods"---he would fill
in only some answers and leave the other answers for the
interested reader.
REFERENCE: BaisTefila--Digest 127, #12, July 13, 1998
Rabbi Bechoffer, Moderator; Posting by R Hendel
RULE CLASSIFICATION: DOUBLE PARSHAS | A FEW
--------------------
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VERSE:v1-46-27 ...(Jacob saw) the (calf-)wagons
------ that Joseph sent to carry..
RASHI TEXT:
----------
They were a secret sign from Joseph to Jacob that no one else
could know about--because Jacob and Joseph were studying the
"broken-neck-calf-" procedure(for inadvertent murders-5-21)
before Joseph had left.
BRIEF BUT COMPLETE NARRATIVE EXPLANATION:
----------------------------------------
There are to ways in Hebrew to designate the object of a verb.
Suppose for example we were speaking about Jospeh's father and
wanted to say that the wagons would CARRY HIM. Then we could either
* Say carry + O(Hebrew Letter VAV) = LSAYTHO
Or
* Say carry + OTho = LSAYTH OTHO
According to Malbim LSAYTHO means to CARRY HIM. By contrast
LSAYTH OTHO means to CARRY ONLY HIM. {LIST1} is a partial list
of the many verses that use OTHO and shows how it is interpreted
as "ONLY".
But what then does it mean to say that the wagons CARRY ONLY HIM.
The ONLY seems to means that there was some aspect of the wagons
that was ONLY to Jacob: personal to him.
Given the disbelief that Jacob initially had
and the long stay away from
Jacob it seems reasonable to assume that
the wagons hinted at something
personal to Jacob and Joseph, perhaps
some conversation they had before
Joseph left.
Notice that WITHOUT reference to SACRIFICES
this explanation makes sense.
However the word for wagons is AGALOTH which comes from AGAL
the word for calf. Rashi noted that calfs are one of the animals
mentioned in the famous "convenant of the pieces" in 1-15-9. The
5 animals mentioned in 1-15-9 are coincident with the 5 animals
eligible for sacrifices. It is therefore reasonable that Jacob
discussed with Joseph the symbolic meaning of the calf in the
convenant of the pieces. Or perhaps he discussed
the symbolic need of using a calf in other sacrifices (Note: That
the "broken neck calf" is the only sacrifice that REQUIRES a calf)
RASHI'S FORM: We have explained Rashi in stages
------------
In stage 1, we notice the IDEA that Joseph sent ONLY to Jacob
In stage 2, we speculate on HOW it was ONLY to Jacob--maybe it was
some private conversation they had, or maybe it was a
discussion of the Abrahamitic "convenant of the pieces" or
maybe it was a discussion of the symbolic need of using a
calf in certain sacrifices.
To appreciate Rashi we need only be sure of Stage 1; stage 2 may be
regarded as speculative. (Nevertheless, we have, as is our custom,
tried to make it as reasonable as possible)
LISTS:
-----
{LIST1} {Of OThO = EMPHASIS = Only it #}
VERSE TEXT APPLICATION
----- ---- -----------
3-1-6 ..cut ONLY it to pieces Law: You cut the animal;
You may not recut its pieces
3-1-17 ..tear ONLY it Law: You tear the bird offering;
But not animal offerings
3-2-6 ..tear ONLY it to pieces Law:*Tear it to many pieces
You may not make it crumbs
3-2-12 ..offer ONLY it Law: You offer this offering
But not if it was delayed
3-3-5 ..offer ONLY it Law: Offer it if properly prepared
But not if it was invalidated
FOOTNOTES:
=========
# VERB + O = Do the action (verb) to IT (=suffix of O)
VERB + OThO = Do the action (verb) to ONLY IT
The precise delineation of what
ONLY means is individual to each verse.
This concept of OTho=ONLY is used 100s of times in Tnach Midrash]
{LIST2}gives an overview of WHAT can be delimited by the OTHO=ONLY
* Thus PThThO = tear it to pieces (3-2-6). PThTho = tear ONLY it to
pieces---you are to tear it but not its pieces to pieces-you aren't
allowed to tear it to crumbs.
{LIST2} {A review of what OTHO=ONLY delimites in {LIST1}}
VERSE ONLY EXCLUDES
----- -------------
3-1-6 it but not its pieces
3-1-17 it but not another type of offering
3-2-6 it but not its pieces
3-2-12 it but not an improperly prepared one (wrong time)
3-3-5 it but not an improperly prepared one (wrong place)
CROSS REFERENCES:
----------------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
----------------
* To Malbim for the principle that OThO = ONLY
* To Hendel for introducing the principle of STAGES (in the article
Pshat and Derash, TRADITION, Winter 1980)
RULE CLASSIFICATION: PRONOUNS | OTHO
--------------------
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1998 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
VERSE: v1-47-24 ...(food) for your households and children
------
RASHI TEXT: Children (TF) refer to "small children"
----------
BRIEF CUT COMPLETE NARRATIVE EXPLANATION:
----------------------------------------
Rashi teaches us how to derive meaning. All meanings
of roots with T-F denote "smallness" or "droplet".
Hence
TF would be the "smallest" unit of "people"--
TF would be the child--a "droplet" of a person.
{LIST1} reviews about a dozen such "metaphoric tranlations". For
example, "to mutter" means "to drip words"; an inch is a "droplet"
of length; a necklace of pearls looks like a necklace of sparkling
water droplets. Although a bit poetic we could easily substitute
smallest unit of for the word "droplet" and our translations
would become more precise.
Rashi here teaches how to learn meaning. It is well known that
most verbal meaning is INFERRED from context and not taught. One
however can learn meaning by examining
other meanings connected with the same root.
From time to time we will review all meanings of a root to show
commanality. This is both a rewarding and extremely challenging
exercise.
RASHI'S FORM
------------
Rashi simply uses the word "small" to evoke meaning. It is up to
the reader to supply the list and the other cases.
LISTS:
-----
{LIST1} {Of Meanings of T-F roots--Courtesy of RDQ, Book of Roots
For further emphasis on the UNIFYING MEANING of all these
words see {LIST2} immediately below it which translates
each phrase using the concept of "droplet"}
SAMPLE
MEANING ROOT VERSE TEXT
------- ---- ------- ----
drip wine NTF Joel 4-18 The mountains will drip wine
drip words NTF Micha2-6 Don't drip your words...
Jewelry NTF Isa 3-19 The droplet jewels #
Tree syrup NTF 2-30-33 .....
Babes TFF 1-47-24 (Food)for your households & children
TipToe TFF Isa 3-16 Walking by TipToeing do they walk
Inch TFCh 2-25-25 ...an inch (in length)
kerchief TFCh Ruth3-15 bring the kerchief on you
(to gather food)
to grow... TFCh Eycah2-22 (The children that I have)
raised and grown
FOOTNOTES:
=========
# The English translations are usually only approximate and should
be read in conjunction with the text.
Thus NTF does not mean ANY jewelery
but seems to refer to necklaces or
other types of jewelry which have
beads that look like jewels.
{LIST2} {The list of T-F words from the verses that contain T-F.
See {LIST1} for sources. We show in this list how these
words can all be translated using the concept of "droplet"
Although a bit poetic it helps show the unity of meanings #}
VERSE TRANSLATION USING DROPLET
------- -------------------------
drip wine droplet of wine
drip words droplet of speech #
Jewelry droplets of ornaments #
Tree syrup droplets of syrup
Babes droplets of people #
TipToe droplets of "steps" #
Inch droplet of measurement #
kerchief droplet of garment #
grow children dropletized the children #
FOOTNOTES:
==========
# I used the translation droplet because of its evocative
imagery. A more serious translation would be "smallest unit of"
CROSS REFERENCES:
----------------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
----------------
RULE CLASSIFICATION: UNIFIED MEANING
--------------------
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1998 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
VERSE: v1-47-22 Priests
------ v2-19-6 Priests
RASHI TEXT: The word Priests in the Bible has two possible meanings:
----------
* Priest
* Distinguished person
Rashi further notes that the construction
Priest of with the word "of"
always denotes a distinguished person.
BRIEF BUT COMPLETE NARRATIVE EXPLANATION:
----------------------------------------
Rashi may be summarized with a dictionary list of meanings.
The word "PRIEST" means DISTINGUISHED if it is combined with
the prepositions OF or FOR. In other words if the verse
says PRIEST OF SUCH AND SUCH A PLACE then it means distinguished.
On the other hand if the word PRIEST occurs by itself then it
means PRIEST.
The preceding two translations are RULES OF THUMB. If the CONTEXT
is otherwise the rule does not apply.
For example 2-19-6 says "You'll be a kingdom of PRIESTS" and does
not have the word OF. Nevertheless the CONTEXT shows that it
means DISTINGUISHED.
Similarly 1-14-18 says about MalkiTzedeck that he was a PRIEST
FOR GOD ALMIGHTY. The CONTEXT is clearly talking about PRIESTHOOD.
{LIST1} and {LIST2} review verses and summarize the above rules.
Notice how the rules Rashi gives have exceptions. It is for this
reason that we have referred to his rules as rules of thumb.The main
thrust of Rashi is that there are definitely 2 meanings of Priest.
This Rashi hilights the importance of using lists to clarify the
precise meaning of rules. For without the list how would we know
that Rashis rule applies to ALL cases vs to MOST cases.
It also hilights the importance of making "good lists" which
clearly show both confirmation and exceptions/modifications.
It is for this reason that I have always FOOTNOTES lists to alert
readers to potential exceptions.
Finally note that Rashi is grammatical not political. He doesn't say
there are two meanings of Priest so I can choose what I want to'...
rather he says 'there are two meanings of Priest each with its own
grammatical correlate so I can be sure
which one applies to this verse'
LISTS:
-----
{LIST1} {Verses with the word PRIEST. Note how the word PRIEST
can mean either (a) PRIEST or else can mean
(b) Distinguished person. These two meanings are
succinctly summarized in {LIST2}}
VERSE MEANING OF/FOR TEXT
----- ------- ------ ----
1-41-45 Distinguished of $ Distinguished person of ON
2-3-1 Distinguished of $ Distinguished person of Midyan
1-14-18 Priest for God% he was a Priest for God
3-6-16 Priest BLANK # All Minchas of a priest
Jer6-13 Priest BLANK # ..from Prophet to Priest..corrupt..
2-19-6 Distinguished BLANK * ..a kingdom of distinguished people
FOOTNOTES:
---------
$ Priest OF means a distinguished person
% Possible exceptions occur when the CONTEXT is one of priesthood
Thus in 1-14-18 we have "Priest for God"
# Priest without OF means a priest
* Possible exceptions occur when the CONTEXT is one of greatness
Thus 2-19-6 refers to a Kingdom of
distinguished people (not of priests)
{LIST2} {The list of meanings of PRIEST. For verses exemplifying
the various usages see {LIST1}}
PRIEST MEANS USAGE-Rule of thumb
PRIEST has the meaning in the
left hand column if the following
criteria are satisfied
============= =================================
Distinguished PRIEST occurs with the words "of/for"
Distinguished PRIEST occurs in a CONTEXT
which suggests "distinguished" #
Priest PRIEST occurs by itself
Priest PRIEST occurs in a CONTEXT
which suggests priestly functions #
FOOTNOTES:
==========
# Note how Rashi interacts MEANINGS and USAGE.
CROSS REFERENCES:
----------------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
----------------
RULE CLASSIFICATION: ROOT+PREPOSITION
--------------------
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1998 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
VERSE: v1-47-6 Skilled
------
RASHI TEXT: The word Skilled means profesionally skilled or trained
-----
BRIEF BUT COMPLETE NARRATIVE EXPLANATION:
-----------------------------------------
The root involved, Ch-L, also denotes TROOPS--hence some scholars
mistakingly translate Ch-L as STRONG (hence the meaning TROOPS).
Rashi notes that the real meaning of Ch-L is is SKILLED/TRAINED.
From this we can derive the meanings "TROOPS" (i.e. well trained)
and SKILLED shepards.
Returning to our text,
The verse means "If you have any trained/skilled shepards then place
them over my sheep"
Indeed,recall Joseph's greatness was not military but his advice to
save the Egyptian agriculture.
In summary Rashi was simply giving the best translation of the
word ChaYiL and avoiding some popular but poorer translations.
RASHI'S FORM
------------
Rashi doesn't always translate terms. I would suspect there is
some reason explaining on which verses he translates. Here he
translates since without him I would have translated
ChYL = TROOPS = STRENGTH
While the word STRENGTH fits many of the verses it has nuances of
military victory. Rashi gives another term
--SKILLED/TRAINED/DEVELOPED--
which he suggests fits the verses a little more precisely.
As with all nuance translation there is no perfect translation since
we are trying to approximate one language with another.
LISTS:
------
{LIST1} {Of possible verses where ChYL is
better translated as TRAINED/DEV..}
VERSE MEANING TEXT
----- ------- ----
2-18-21 Trained in honesty ..God fearing,
trained-in-honesty people ####
Prv31-10 Skilled A skilled wife, who will find #
Joel2-22 Developed The vine..will give
fully developed products ###
5-8-18 Developed My own strength gave me
this rich development ##
FOOTNOTES:
=========
# In the Proverb verse the emphasis in the Chapter is not
on a strong woman but on a trained woman who can
PRODUCE many things.
## The emphasis in Dt is not on strength or war booty
(indeed in verses 5-8-12:13 it simply speaks about people
building houses & amassing wealth)--it is rather speaking
about a "rich development" or a "developed life"
### It would be better to translate this as "developed grapes"
rather than "strong grapes"
#### The most frequent meaning of ChYL is TROOPS
Hence most scholars translate ChYL as TROOPS/STRONG
As the above verses show however it really means
TRAINED/DEVELOPED/SKILLED
Hence we should translate TROOPS as TRAINED MEN
CROSS REFERENCES:
----------------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
----------------
RULE CLASSIFICATION: UNIFIED MEANING
--------------------
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1998 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
VERSE: v1-45-3 And Joseph said to his brothers, 'approach me..'
------
RASHI: He showed them he was circumsized
-----
NARRATIVE EXPLANATION: It could have just said
----------------------'And Joseph said to THEM'
The avoidance of the pronoun "And Joseph said to his BROTHERS"
shows an emphasis on their BROTHERHOOD. Most probably he
mentioned how he was seduced and refused and placed in prison--
in other words he emphasized that despite his vulnerable nature
he remained religious, and curtailed (i.e. circumsized) his desires
and thereby followed in the teachings of Abraham.
Furthermore we have an explicit verse
that the brothers feared revenge
by Joseph, (1-49-17). The brothers probably
thought that his being sold
and growing up in a foreign land had
hardened him. Therefore Joseph had
to emphasize that he was still their BROTHER--
he in fact emphasized that
he had remained chaste (circumsized)
despite the attempted seduction.
We must reject as rediculous
the literal interpretation of Rashi which
suggests that a vice-king would undress
and show his circumcision.
Besides, there is NO PROOF or even a
SUGGESTION that this is what he
did. Rather however the verses strongly
suggest that Joseph had to
prove that he had not adopted Egyptian habits.
RASHI'S FORM
------------
Rashi explicitly states:"He called them in a gentle manner"refering
to the verse fragment "I am Joseph YOUR BROTHER".
Note how we can interpret this using either
the EMPHASIS perspective (Double nouns denote EMPHASIS)
or the ANOTHER OBJECT perspective--(Double nouns denote 2 objects)
we can equally explain the verse
* EMPHASIS: I am Joseph and am still your brother spiritually
* ANOTHER 'BROTHER':
(Thus "brother" could mean "physical brother" or"spiritual brother")
The verse would then be translated as "And Joseph said to his
PHYSICAL brothers 'I am Joseph', is my father still alive? and
his SPIRITUAL brothers could not answer him because they were
freightened in his presence"
As mentioned these two methods complement each other.
LISTS
-----
{LIST1} {Of Repeated nouns in the same verse (Courtesy of Malbim)}
---- THE NOUN REFERS APPLICATION
TO TWO OBJECTS OF THIS
VERSE REPEATED NOUN THAT ARE SIMILAR PRINCIPLE
(Is in Caps) THESE 2 OBJECTS ARE OF TWO OBJECTS
----- ------------- ------- -----------
3-1-5 Offer BLOOD Blood in vessel Even spilled blood
Throw BLOOD Blood spilled on floor can be thrown
on altar (not just
blood properly
collected)
3-27-14 Sanctify HOUSE House=House These sanctify/
3-27-15 Redeem his HOUSE House=Possesions redeems laws apply
Either to a house
or a house with
possessions
3-23-32 On EVE of 9th Eve = After Sunset Don't eat on the
From the EVE Eve = During Sunset day prior to Yom
Kippur right up
to sunset. Rather
start the fast
prior to sunset
COMMENTS:
=========
See Chapter 15 of Malbims beautiful Morning Star for a long list of
verses with double nouns--Morning Star occurs at beginning of his
commentary on Leviticus.
Nouns are never repeated if you can use a pronoun or suffix. There
are a variety of methods of treating double nouns.
METHOD 1:
========
Each noun refers to a DIFFERENT item (as shown in the list
above). In this case the two repeated words mean two different
things. Thus in the verses cited above we have that BLOOD can
refer to VESSEL BLOOD or SPILLED BLOOD. Similarly the
word HOUSE can refer to HOUSE or POSSESIONS.
METHOD 2:
=========
Another way of perceiving this is to use the concept of EMPHASIS.
For example, THIS blood but not spilled blood.
These two methods---other objects or emphasis--complement each
other and help give nuances.
CROSS REFERENCES: (See the Sifsay Chachamim which suggests that
---------------- Rashi may be inferred from the use of GSH vs KRV)
Such an ATTEMPTED approach based on nuances of similar words is
certainly a valid approach. However it must be justified by lists.
Lists show that GSHU is used when people are near each other while
KRV is used when they are far away.
Since Joseph and his brothers were
standing Joseph was suppose to use GSHU=Come near.
The approach we have suggested--based on MISSING PRONOUNS
is superior to a SYNONYM APPROACH because the absence of
a pronoun is something OBJECTIVE while the nuances of
synonyms, even when justified by lists,is SUBJECTIVE.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: See Rashi-Is-Simple, Vol 1 Number 2, V1-39-11
----------------
The list used comes from there.
RULE CLASSIFICATION: DOUBLE NOUNS
--------------------
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1998 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
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Volume 01, Number 04
Produced Dec 22, 1998
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