Rashi-Is-Simple Mailing List VISIT the RASHI DATABASE archives AT http://www.RashiYomi.com/ Surfing the Talmudic Seas (C) RashiYomi Incorporated, 2005 Written by Dr Russell Jay Hendel Volume 27 Number 24 For the WORD QUALITY HTML VERSION click here ----------------------------------- http://www.Rashiyomi.com/h27n24.htm ----------------------------------- Produced Nov 19 th, 2005 |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-04 | |||
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HOW MUCH TIME DO YOU HAVE | WHAT SHOULD YOU READ | SECTION COLOR | |
Only 2-3 mintues | SUCCINT SUMMARY | BROWN | |
Only 5-8 minutes | LISTS | BROWN/BEIGE/BLUE | |
Maybe 20-30 minutes | BIG FOOTNOTE SECTION | GREEN SECTION | |
Time to do research | SUMMARY OVERVIEWS*2 | Newsletter Bottom | |
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*1 FIXED WIDTH FONTS are needed for the TEXT version For the HTML version you do not need to reset the browser For html or PDF version visit http://www.Rashiyomi.com/ris.htm *2 Each digest has two summary overviews on bottom: - LIGHTNING SUMMARIES (List of lists in this issue) - OVERVIEW (List of Rashis covered in this issue) |
*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2005, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
VERSE: Gn19-11a
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-04 | ||
SUCCINCT SUMMARY ---------------- One of Rashis 10 main methods is the explanation of meaning the same way a dictionary explains meaning. We call this the WORD MEANING method. ---------------------------------------------- Rashi had 10 vehicles to explain meaning. The SYNONYM submethod takes words with known meanings and shows the similarity and nuances in each term. ---------------------------------------------- EXAMPLE: Gn19-11a -------------------------- Without citing the verse - The Hebrew Pay-Tauv-Cheth means OPENING - The Hebrew Daleth-Lamed-Tauv means DOOR The DOOR-OPENING distinction holds in English also. Using this distinction we can understand the nuances of the verses Gn19-10:11 --------------------------------------------------- But they didn't listen to Lot (who pleaded not to rape the male guests) and they came near to break down the DOOR But the angles inside grabbed Lot in; the angels smote the people at the HOUSE OPENING --------------------------------------------------- Apparently they had ALREADY broken the door and were about to rape the men when the angels stroke them down at the last minute. LIST955z presents other Rashis commenting on SYNONYMS | ||
ITEM | DETAIL | |
RASHI RULE CLASS: | WORD MEANINGS | |
RASHI SUBRULE CLASS | SYNONYMS | |
RASHI WORKBOOK PRINCIPLE | #7 | |
SEE BELOW | LIST955z | |
List of | Synonym pairs |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-04 | ||||
List of Synonym pairs LIST955z continues LIST955a | ||||
VERSE | WORD | BASIC IDEA | NUANCES | |
Gn19-11a | P-T-X | Door | OPENING | |
Gn19-10 | D-L-T | Door | DOOR | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Dt28-65c | K-L-H | EXPECT | HOPE-not necessarily fulfilld | |
- - - - | I-X-L | EXPECT | EXPECT | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Dt28-32a | K-L-H | EXPECT | HOPE-not necessarily fulfilld | |
- - - - | I-X-L | EXPECT | EXPECT | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Dt23-02a | CtCrsh | Testicle | CRUSHED testicles(CUT-CRUSH) | |
Dt23-02b | CtSpll | Testicle | CUT penal shaft(CUT-SPILL) | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Nu22-08c | YASHAV | location | STAY OVER | |
- - - - | AVAR | location | PASS THRU | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
- - - - | YASHAV | position | SIT | |
- - - - | AMAD | position | STAND | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Gn32-05a | YASHAV | residence | DWELL | |
- - - - | GUR | residence | FOREIGNER | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Nu21-20d | PISGAH | High | Cliff | |
-------- | HAR | High | Mountain | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Nu13-23a | ZMoRaH | Grapes | Grape VINE | |
Nu13-23 | EshKoL | Grapes | Grape CLUSTER | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Lv22-18a | NDR*13 | Donation | VOW-eg I-ll bring a sacrifice | |
Lv22-18b | NDBH | Donation | DONATION-eg Donate Tmpl money | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Lv22-22a | &WRT | Blind | Feminine form | |
- - - - | &WR | Blind | Masculine form | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Lv13-45a | PRM | Tear | tear ON SEAM | |
- - - - | QR& | Tear | GENERAL tear | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Ex28-28c | XBR | Unite | Unite | |
- - - - | RKS | Unite | Unite by TIGHTENING*8 | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Nu17-21a | TWK | In | Centrally in *7 | |
- - - - | Beth | In | In | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Gn01-11a | D$A | FIELD | MEADOW*6 | |
- - - - | &SW | FIELD | GRASS*6 | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Dt28-68a | ANIH | BOAT | Both words mean boat *5 | |
- - - - | SFINH | BOAT | Both words mean boat *5 | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Dt18-03c | Z-R-A | HAND/THROW | ZRA=arm; ZRA=to scatter | |
-------- | Y-D-H | HAND/THROW | YD=hand; YDH=to throw | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Dt13-06a | S-R-H | FABRICATE | it is REMOVED from reality*4 | |
-------- | B-D-A | FABRICATE | it is ISOLATED from reality | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Dt05-17b | A-V-H | DESIRE*3 | desire in ONES HEART-FANTASIZ | |
Ex20-17 | X-M-D | DESIRE*3 | COVET-desire ACQUISITION | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Dt11-25c | P-X-D | FEAR | IMMEDIATE Fear-Good pimples*1 | |
Dt11-25d | M-R-H | FEAR | ANXIETY-LONG TERM Fear-vision | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
Dt11-14c | I-R-H | RAIN*2 F | IRST rain-IMPREGNATES ground | |
Dt11-14d | MLK$ | RAIN*2 | FINAL rain-SOFTENS Ground | |
------- | ----- | ------ | ---------------------- | |
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*1 Also Rashi Dt11-25b. It seems reasonable that - P-Ch-D comes from Poh-Chad - SHARP and would refer to e.g. getting GOOSE PIMPLES (Sharpnesses in skin) from fear - MoRaH comes from Y-R-A = vision = LONG TERM apprehension over the future.*10 *2 - YOREH seems to comes from HRH to make pregnant. It would look at the rain as ENABLING the seeds to grow - MALKOSH seesm to come from LKSH - TO THE HARD(KSH) GRAIN and would refer to a final softening rain before the produce. See LIST910i *11 *3 It is hard to absolutely prove that - A-V-H means FANTASIZE vs - Ch-M-D means DESIRE ACQUISITION The verses show that - A-V-H is an act of the HEART while - Ch-M-D is focused on ACQUIRING OBJECTS See LIST955h for further details (Also see Rashi Gn27-15a Gn03-06c Gn03-06d) *4 On Dt19-16a Rashi gives an example of REMOVED/FABRICATED Testimony--when eg witnesses testify to a murder in NY and other witnesses come stating that the 1st witnesses were with them in Chicago at the time of witnessing--thus the murder testimony is totally removed from the real word *5 Undoubtedly there is probably a subtle difference between ANIH/SFINH but it is not possible to determine this from verses. An interesting statistical note is the following - SFINH occurs ONCE in the Bible - ANIH occurs 3 dozen times in the Bible - But in Biblical times the frequencies were reversed Hence, Rashi, in explaining the more frequently occurring ANIH was responding to the rarity of this word IN HIS TIME *6 - GRASS can refer to MANY or SINGULAR grass - MEADOW only refers to a WHOLE MEADOW of GRASS *7 TWK verses Beth (CENTRALLY IN vs IN) explains several Rashis: Nu17-21a Gn02-09b Ex24-1a Lv24-10c Gn01-06b Nu35-34a See LIST955j *8 Hence - Ex28-28c TIGHTEN the AYFOD garment - P031-21 Save me from GANGS(people TIGHTELY together) - Is40-04 God will smooth the TIGHT mountains (Rashi explains that TIGHT MOUNTAINS are mountains close together with deep georges between them)*12 | ||||
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*10 The reader need NOT believe the above etymologies For frequently Rashi explains synonyms without reference to etymologies and even without reference to verses. However some of the above etymologies seem reasonable and may enrich our appreciation of the synonyms. *11 Rashi gives another etymology from the Aramaic. However in this list we advocate the 2nd explanation of Rashi over the 1st. Furthermore in this particular case the 2nd explanation comes internally from Hebrew while the 1st Rashi explanation INFERS usage from Aramaic but does not EXPLAIN it. *12 Rashi translates RKS as UNITE. I have examined the verses and think the nuances of TIGHTEN-which is a particular form of tightening is more precise Rashi and my analysis apparently override the RADACK who translates (from context) RKS as meaning HIGH. Compare - RAISE the AYFOD (By tightening it) - Save me from HAUGHTY people - God will smooth the HIGH mountains *13 Rashi brings several distinctions on the nuances between VOWS vs DONATIONS - VOWS are PERSONAL (eg I will bring...) - DONATIONS are OBJECT oriented (eg This material is to Tmpl) - VOWS come for OFFERINGS - DONATIONS come for TEMPLE repairs - VOWS come for personal EXPIATION - DONATIONS do not come personal EXPIATION Rashi in fact notes that the word FOR EXPIATION (Resh-Tzade-Hey) does occur in Lv22-23. However this is just an accident. The main Rashi point comes from the VOW:DONATION difference---in English also - VOW has personal connotation (I undertake..) while - DONATION has object connotation (this item goes to..) |
*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2005, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
VERSE: Gn20-16a
RASHIS COVERED: Gn20-16a Gn20-16b
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-04 | ||
SUCCINCT SUMMARY ---------------- One of Rashis 10 main methods is the explanation of meaning the same way a dictionary explains meaning. We call this the WORD MEANING method. Rashi will sometimes explain IDIOMS. An IDIOM is a collection of words, which together means something different than its component parts. Thus the IDIOM endows NEW MEANING to the collection of words. Very often the IDIOMATIC meaning is closely related to the individual words. We call this the NEW MEANING submethod of the WORD MEANING method. EXAMPLE Gn20-16a ---------------- Gn20-16 discusses King Avimelech's response to a prophetic dream to return Sarah to her husband (Avimelech had mistakenly tried to marry her) The verse states ---------------------------------------------- And to Sarah he said: Behold, I gave a $1000 to your husband This will be a COVERING OF THE EYE for you... --------------------------------------------- Rashi explains the capped phrase ------------------- COVERING OF THE EYE ------------------- to mean ---------------------------------------- COVERING=PREVENTION of PEOPLE EYEING YOU ---------------------------------------- In other words if - the King slept with Sarah and then - returned her to Abraham perhaps he "had enough of her" and just "wanted to play." But if he gives her a monetary gift then - it is recognized that a miracle happened and his return - is an apology for taking her. - Hence the money prevents people EYEING Sarah(looking at her as a 'rejected woman.') LIST854x below gives other examples of Rashis explaining IDIOMS, NEW MEANINGS. | ||
ITEM | DETAIL | |
RASHI RULE CLASS: | WORD MEANINGS | |
RASHI SUBRULE CLASS | NEW MEANINGS | |
RASHI WORKBOOK PRINCIPLE | #7 | |
SEE BELOW | LIST854x | |
List of | Biblical idioms(eg FROM DAYS DAYS=YEARLY) |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-04 | ||||
List of Biblical idioms..eg FROM DAYS DAYS=YEARLY LIST854x continues LIST854d LIST854z LIST854y | ||||
VERSE | BIBLICAL PHRASE | TRANSLATION | NOTES | |
Gn27-16a | This will COVER THE EYE | Prevent EYEING you | *8 | |
Gn13-03a | went by HIS JOURNEYS | Lodged at SAME HOTELS | *7 | |
Dt33-14a | SUNNED wheat | FULLY RIPE wheat | ||
Dt33-14b | Monthly EXPELS | Monthly TURNOVER | ||
Dt33-15a | 1st of OLD MOUNTS | VINTAGE ANCIENT MOUNT | ||
Dt33-15b | ETERNAL hills | EVERgreen Hills | ||
------- | ------------------- | --------------------- | ----- | |
Dt32-20b | NO-NATION | DESPICABLE nation | ||
Dt32-21c | TURNING generation | TURN-A-COATS | ||
Dt17-09a | PRIEST-LEVITES | Priests or Levites | *6 | |
------- | ------------------- | --------------------- | ----- | |
Dt13-13b | when you hear a RUMOR | TO BE SAID over&over | *5 | |
Ex35-04a | God commandsTo TRANSMIT | TO BE SAID over | *5 | |
Nu12-13b | Prayed/Demands RESPONSE | TO BE SAID back | *5 | |
Nu27-15b | Prayed/Demands RESPONSE | TO BE SAID back | *5 | |
Ex20-01c | God said:Asked RESPONSE | Affirm will keep | *5 | |
------- | ------------------- | --------------------- | ----- | |
Dt12-28b | Do the MORAL & PROPER | Spiritual/Social good | *4 | |
Dt12-28c | Do the MORAL & PROPER | Spiritual/Social good | *4 | |
------- | ------------------- | --------------------- | ----- | |
Nu26-54a | MOUTH OF LOTTERY | Closed Jar Lottery | *3 | |
Nu21-20c | HEAD OF THE CLIFF | TOP of the CLIFF | *2 | |
Nu13-20b | DAYS OF GRAPE 1st FRUIT | GRAPE HARVEST SEASON | ||
Nu13-32a | Land EATS INHABITANTS | PLAGUE RIDDEN LAND | ||
Lv25-23b | Dont STICK THE SALE | Dont sell PERMANANTLY | No redeem | |
Lv26-17a | PLACE FACE*1 | Total attention/focus | to punish | |
Lv13-12a | HEAD to FOOT Whole bod | y | ||
Gn37-26b | COVER BLOOD | conceal MURDER | ||
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*1 Rashi, Lv26-17h points out that the phrase ------------- PLACE MY FACE ------------- means -------------- FULL ATTENTION -------------- whether - for good, to reward - for bad, to punish. *2 NOTE: The Hebrew word HEAD can mean both - BEGINNING - TOP However in this verse - the HEAD OF THE CLIFF contrasts with - the VALLEY in MOAB Hence HEAD means TOP *3 A MOUTH LOTTERY refers to a lottery where you stick your hand in and select an item WITHOUT BEING ABLE TO SEE THE ITEMS (In an open-box lottery you can see what you are picking even though you see backs of cards. In a MOUTH LOTTERY the box is covered except for a small MOUTH). The MOUTH LOTTERY is more secure and fairer. Hence the Rashi The name MOUTH LOTTERY is because the box has only a small mouth preventing you from seeing what is inside. --------------------------------------------------- MOUTH LOTTERY means that the LOTTERY speaks and says this belongs to so and so --------------------------------------------------- Of course, Rashi did not believe that LOTTERIES speak. Rather Rashi refers to the SECURITY and FAIRNESS of the lottery. In other words - MOUTH LOTTERY refers to a small MOUTH on LOTTERY box (not to a physical voice on the box) - Since the MOUTH LOTTERY is secure it is AS IF it screams and points to a correct fair choice *4 Rashi is NOT explaining the meaning of the INDIVIDUAL WORDS - GOOD - PROPER Indeed, GOOD can mean SOCIALLY GOOD also (See Gn26-29) Therefore we have interpreted this Rashi as an example of the IDIOM method. *5 These five examples show various idiomatic meanings of the INFINITIVE of the verb TO SAY: TO SAY can mean - TO SAY BACK: Request for response - TO SAY OVER: To Transmit - TO SAY OVER AND OVER: Rumor See LIST955m for a separate summary *6 Thus in Dt18-01 ------------------------------------- The PRIEST-LEVITES shall not inherit from the conquest of Israel ------------------------------------- the phrase PRIEST-LEVITES means PRIESTS OR LEVITES. Another occurrence of this phrase occurs in Dt17-18. In Dt17-09a Rashi does state ------------------------------------ The PRIESTS who are no longer Levites ------------------------------------ But I understand this to mean ------------------------------------ PRIESTS by itself means PRIESTS but not Levites while LEVITES by itself could mean LEVITES but not Priests-- PRIEST LEVITES means PRIESTS OR LEVITES*10 ------------------------------------- *7 Besides the fact that this sounds OK (WENT BY JOURNEYS= STAYED BY SAME HOTELS) the verse gives support --------------------------------------------- HE WENT BY HIS JOURNEYS...UNTIL HE RETURNED TO HIS ORIGINAL PLACE WHERE HE BUILT AN ALTAR --------------------------------------------- *8 In other words if - the King slept with Sarah and then - returned her to Abraham perhaps he "had enough of her" and just "wanted to play." But if he gives her a monetary gift then - it is recognized that a miracle happened and his return - is an apology for taking her. - Hence the money prevents people EYEING Sarah(looking at her as a 'rejected woman.' This is covered in two Rashi (Gn20-16a Gn20-16b) which are better understood as one Rashi. | ||||
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*10 Dt17-09 states --------------------------------------- [If you have a legal question then] ask the PRIEST-LEVITES, the Judges of the day --------------------------------------- The law PREFERS that the great Sanhedrin court in Jerusalem consist of PRIESTS. Levites are a second choice (and Israelite scholars are a third choice). So it appears that Rashi's comment -------------------------------------- Priests but not Levites -------------------------------------- is literal. But in Dt18-01 the prohibition of inheriting conquested Israelie land applies to EITHER Priests OR Levites. Similarly I would interprtet Dt17-09 to mean that EITHER Priests or Levites should preferably be on the Great Sanhedrin. That is the Biblical law. But Rabbinically---since Priests are more involved with the Temple there is a preference for Priests to be elected to the great court vs. Levites. This preference however is rooted in logic not in the verse. The IDIOM, PRIEST-LEVITES means PRIESTS or LEVITES as shown. |
*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2005, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
VERSE: Gn20-01a
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-04 | ||
SUCCINT SUMMARY: ---------------- One of Rashis 10 main goals is the explanation of grammar similar to the explanations we find in modern textbooks. We call this the Rashi rule of GRAMMAR. In todays posting we deal with the grammatical rules governing DEVELOPMENT in paragraphs and chapters: Given a paragraph or chapter THEME, what types of sentences can exist in that paragraph or chapter and what are their relations to the central theme? We call this the rashi subrule of CONSECUTIVE PARAGRAPHS. Rashi knew 4 means of relating consecutive sentences or consecutive paragraphs in a paragraph or chapter: - CAUSE - CONTRAST - ENABLEMENT - UNIFYING THEME. Today we study the CAUSAL submethod. EXAMPLE 1: Gn20-01a ------------------ The end of the Biblical chapter Gn19 describes how Lot committed incest with his 2 daughters who seduced him;. Gn20-01 then states ------------------------------------------ And Abraham journeyed away from there southward... ------------------------------------------- Rashi comments -------------------------------------------- The juxtaposition of the two chapters is CAUSAL: Abraham journeyed away from there BECAUSE his nephew had committed incest and therefore he didn't want to be associated with him -------------------------------------------- LIST061a below presents other paragraph sequences with a CAUSAL connection. | ||
ITEM | DETAIL | |
RASHI RULE CLASS: | GRAMMAR | |
RASHI SUBRULE CLASS: | CONSECUTIVE CHAPTERS | |
RASHI WORKBOOK PRINCIPLE | #9 | |
SEE BELOW | LIST061a | |
A list of paragraphs | having a CAUSAL connection |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-04 | |||
A list of paragraphs having CAUSAL connection | |||
VERSE | TOPIC IN 1st CHAPTER | TOPIC IN 2nd CHAPTER | |
Gn20-01a | Lot incests daughters | Abraham runs away from there | |
------- | -------------------- | -------------------------- | |
Gn13-14a | Lot / Abe separate | God promises Abe Israel*9 | |
Gn13-07a | Fight of Abe-Lot | Canaanites still in Israel*9 | |
------- | -------------------- | -------------------------- | |
Dt14-01a | Jews=Gods children | No self multilation on death | |
Dt01-42a | God not with you | Hence:defeat;therefore:no go | |
Nu30-16b | Annuls after AFFIRM | He bears punishment of sin*8 | |
Ex14-25a | Remove wheel | Heavy driving--God fights | |
Ex14-25b | Heavy Driving | God fights*10 | |
Ex13-17b | Avoid NEAR-ROUTE | Nearness facilitates return | |
Gn35-01a | Dinah is raped | Prophetic order to leave*6 | |
Gn33-13c | Young Sheep | IF pushed they will die*7 | |
Gn29-01a | God WITH Jacob | Jacob travelled SMOOTHLY*5 | |
Nu06-02a | Adulterous wife rite | Nazaarite from wine*1 | |
Gn38-01a | Brothers sell Joseph | Judah leaves brothers*1 | |
Gn23-03c | Abraham offers Isaac | Sarah dies*1 | |
Gn02-20a | Adam Eve are Naked | Snake gives Eve Apple*2 | |
Lv10-02a | Non-allowed sac | Death of Aarons sons*3 | |
Lv10-02a | Death of Aarons sons | No wine to serving priest*3 | |
Lv10-03d | Death of Righteous | God honored*4 | |
Lv22-15a | Dont eat Terumah | Dont DESCECRATE holies | |
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*1 Thus "whoever see the humiliating Adulterous wife rite" will be so shocked that he will abstain from wine Similarly "Judah advised his brothers to sell Joseph" and so when they regretted it they blaimed him and he had to "separate from them." Similarly "Sarah died" from the shock that "Abraham offered Isaac." *2 In other words because the snake saw Adam and Eve naked therefore he became Jealous and wanted Adam killed so he could marry Eve. ALthough this sounds a bit wild there is strong supporting evidence. Gn04-01 uses the past perfect form And Adam HAD BEEN FAMILIAR with his wife & they had a child" So the sequence of chapters is Adam was lonely God makes Eve Adam and Eve are naked ------------------------"Snake tempts Eve" Adam has a child with Eve Thus the sequence of chapters (Naked--->child) is clearly interrupted by the Snake story. *3 As explained above Rashi sees these two views as complementary - First they drank wine and got drunk - While drunk they thought it permissable to offer sacrifices which should not be offered Hence they died for both crimes *4 Rashi explains the Causal connection - when the masses see that God EVEN kills the righteous for sins - then they are aware how they must also observe Gods commandments - This leads to more honor for God *5 So GOOD NEWS facilitates/causes SMOOTH TRAVEL(Rashi) *6 The full sequence of chapters is as follows -------------------------------------------- - Gn31 God orders Jacob to return to his fathers house - Gn32 But Jacob is afraid of Being with Brother Esauv - Gn33 Jacob journeys instead to Succoth - Gn34 Dinah gets raped - Gn35 God tells Jacob to return to BethEl ------------------------------------------- Rashi notes that ----------------------------- If Jacob had IMMEDIATELY fulfilled the order of Travelling to his fathers house he wouldnt have stayed in Succoth and his Daughter would not have gotten raped. ------------------------------ Thus Rashi sees a CAUSAL connection between the chapters. Dinah was raped because Jacob did not IMMEDIATELY fulfill the prophetic order. Note Rashi expresses the same theme ------------------------------------------------- Because he delayed doing the prophecy immediately therefore he was punished that certain bad occurrences happened to him ------------------------------------------------- Rashi expresses this same theme on Gn35-22a where we find that Reuven inteferred with his fathers marital life. *7 Rashi can be better understood with the EXPORT-IMPORT LAW of logic. The EXPORT-IMPORT law states that ---------------------------------------------------- IF [it rains] then if [I go out] THEN [I will get wet] ---------------------------------------------------- has the same meaning as ---------------------------------------------------- IF [it rains] and [I go out] THEN [I will get wet] ---------------------------------------------------- In other words Rashi identifies the two sentence forms - IF p THEN IF q THEN r - IF p & q THEN r This identification of NESTED CONDITIONALS with a CONJUNCTIVE HYPOTHESIS is called the EXPORT-IMPORT law. The actual Biblical text reads --------------------------------------------- The cattle is young AND they will be pushed one day AND they will die --------------------------------------------- Rashi simply points out (Using EXPORT-IMPORT) that we can interpret this as either --------------------------------------------- [IF] The cattle is young AND they will be pushed one day THEN they will die --------------------------------------------- or --------------------------------------------- IF The cattle is young IF they will be pushed one day THEN they will die --------------------------------------------- The above two translations use the well known Biblical principle that the Hebrew letter VAV can refer to any connective. *8 In other words he - 1st affirmed a vow of his wife - then annuled it (which he had no right to) - If she now sins (Because she was mislead into thinking the vow is annuled) - then HE bears the sin/punishment In other words BECAUSE he misled her he must pay for the sin. *9 The causality of these verses reinforce each other - Gn13-14 EXPLICITLY states that God promised Abe Israel AFTER Lot separated from him - Gn13-07 states that Abe and Lot faught WHILE the Canaanites were still in the land. So Rashi simply puts the two verses together - Lot felt HE COULD USE ISRAEL land even though the CANAANITES still owned it. Lot felt this way because the land was promised to Abraham eventually. By contrast Abraham refused to use the land UNTIL it was actually given to him. | |||
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*10 Rashi also states -------------------------------------------------- The HEAVY DRIVING (that God made the Egyptians do by removing chariot wheel) was a punishment for their making HEAVY their hearts -------------------------------------------------- I would strengthen these associations -------------------------------------------------- The HEAVY DRIVING is a punishment for the HEAVY work that the Egyptians placed on the Jews -------------------------------------------------- These comments of Rashi or me also indicate -- HEAVY DRIVING causes/facilitated -- Egyptians seeing that God was fighting for them Indeed: We know that one of the way God fights is to punish people according to what they have done (See Rashi on Ex18-11- Jethro said: Now I know that God is the true God because He returns to people what they have done) Hence this particular punishment (making the Egyptians drive heavy vs killing them) showed the Egyptians (CAUSED them to be aware) that God was fighting. |
*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2005, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
VERSE: Gn18-02c
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-04 | ||
SUCCINCT SUMMARY ---------------- One of Rashis 10 main goals was the resolution of contradiction We call this the RASHI RULE OF CONTRADICTION. Rashi had three methods to resolve contradiction. If the CONTRADICTION could be resolved by viewing the contradictory verses as two aspects of the same item then we we employ the the TWO ASPECTS method of resolution. If the CONTRADICTION could be resolved by viewing the contradictory verses as two stages of the same process then we employ the TWO STAGES submethod. Finally if the CONTRADICTION could be resolved by retranslating the verses using broader or more literal meanings then we use the BROAH-LITERAL submethod. EXAMPLE Gn18-02c ---------------- Gn18-02c, speaking about Abraham, states ------------------------------------------- He looked up and SAW - 3 people STANDING BY HIM he SAW - and RAN TO THEM... ------------------------------------------- Notice the CONTRADICTION: Were the 3 people - right by him (STANDING ON HIM) - or Far way (He RAN to them) Rashi resolves the CONTRADICTION using the principle of STAGES ------------------------------------------------- The 3 wayfarers were passing by and came to Abraham for lodging(Hence the Biblical phrase STANDING BY HIM) But when they saw he was sick they started to go away (Hence the Biblical phrase HE RAN TO THEM--to give them their lodging) -------------------------------------------------- Note how the repeated Biblical word, HE SAW, strengthens the contrast of stages. LIST530a below gives other examples of CONTRADICTORY verses resolved thru TWO STAGES. | ||
ITEM | DETAIL | |
RASHI RULE CLASS: | CONTRADICTION | |
RASHI SUBRULE CLASS | TWO-STAGES | |
RASHI WORKBOOK PRINCIPLE | #15 | |
SEE BELOW | LIST530a | |
Verse pairs illustrating | 2 stages to a process |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-04 | |||
Verse pairs illustrating 2 stages to a process | |||
VERSE-1 | VERSE-2 | HOW THE TWO TEXTS ARE COMBINED | |
Gn18-02 | Gn18-02 | 1st)They came for lodging;saw sick;left;2nd)He RAN*6 | |
Dt13-10 | Dt13-10 | 1st)WITNESS stones criminal; 2nd)Whole nation stones | |
Dt01-22 | Nu33-52 | 1st)Conquer EASY cities; 2nd)Conquer WHOLE land | |
Gn36-35 | Nu22-04a | 1st)Midyan-Moab enemies; 2nd) Unite against Jews | |
Nu22-34 | Nu22-22b | Stage 1) Angel HARASSES (Desired Stage 2)Avoid Sin | |
Dt02-24 | Dt02-26 | In war: 1st) Request peace 2nd) Declare war*5 | |
Lv02-14 | Lv02-14 | 1st)Budded Full-grain barley;2)Roasted;3)Grounded | |
Ex07-03 | Ex08-28 | 1st 5 plagues Pharoh didnt listen;then God hardened | |
Ex11-01 | Ex11-09 | ONE more of 10 plagues;2 MIRACLES on Red sea*3 | |
Ex11-04 | Ex10-29 | FIRST: Moses announces 10 plagues;2nd:No see Phrh*4 | |
Gn50-10 | Gn50-10 | GRANARY was THORNED;but Joe saved them:HonorJacob*14 | |
Gn37-36 | Gn39-01 | Joe sold 4 times:Arabs to Midian to Arab to Egypt*13 | |
Nu05-08 | Nu05-08d | Tithes/Terumah to GOD; GOD gives them to PRIEST | |
Ex14-27 | Ex14-30a | Egypt drowns IN sea; then thrown ON sea-shore | |
Ex15-01 | Ex15-04 | Egyptians THROWN UP;THEN SHOT down to sea | |
Ex16-13 | Nu11-09 | 1st Dew bed; then MANNA; THEN dew blanket | |
Nu08-24 | Nu04-03 | Levites LEARN Temple at 25;THEN serve at 30 | |
Nu16-32 | Nu26-11a | Korach sons 1st punished; then repented*1 | |
Nu26-54 | Nu26-55a | Children inherit units;Parents give equally*10 | |
Lv21-10 | Lv16-32c | Priesthood succession: Lineage 1st;Merit 2nd*2 | |
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*1 Nu16-32 and Nu16-33 together imply that KORACH AND ALL FOLLOWING HIM DIED ALIVE BY FIRE AND EARTHQUAKE This contradicts Nu26-11 that the sons of Korach did not die Note that Psalms 45-49 were written by the SONS OF KORACH showing that they repented *2 In other words if one of the high priests sons is qualified for the position he is chosen. If not a non-descendant (who is qualified) is taken. Lv16-32c presents this SON-MERIT rule for priests Dt17-20c generalizes this SON-MERIT rule for Kings. This interpretation of the text is further clarified by the ALIGNMENT method.*11 Some further technicalities are noted in note *12 *3 Rashi Ex11-09a *4 Rashi Ex11-04a Ex10-29 *5 Dt20-10 explicitly requires a request for peace The resolution of this contradiction is brought in the Rashi at Nu21-22a *6 The repeated Biblical phrase HE SAW...BY HIM, HE SAW...HE RAN strengthens this interpretation by stages. | |||
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*10 Here is a simple numerical example Assume 3 people in Egypt - Bob - Dan and David Brothers Assume - Bob has 1 child - Dan has 1 child - David has 2 children So GENERATION1(GEN1) has 3 units (Bob,Dan David) And GEN2 has 4 units (1+1+2) We now have 3 stages STAGE 1 ------- Each GEN2 person gets same number of units (Say 2 units) So Bobs child --2 units -- Dans child --2 units -- Davids-------4 units to 2 children STAGE 2 ------- Now the units are coalesced at the family (GEN1) level - Bob has 2 units(Since he has one child with 2 units) - Dan-David has 6 units (Dans child 2 units and Davids 4) STAGE 3 ------- - Bob gives his 2 units back to his child - Dan-David give there 6 units equally to children so -- Dans child receives 3 units -- Davids 2 children receive 1.5 units each (Total of 3) Here is a time map -------------------------------------------------------------- EGYPT(GEN1) CHILDREN STAGE1 STAGE2 STAGE3 -------------- ---------- ----------- ------------ ------------ Bob 1 child 2/8 2/8 2/8 @child Dan-brother 1 child 2/8 6/8 brothers 3/8 @child David-brother 2 child 4/8 6/8 Brothers 3/8 @2 child --------------------------------------------------------------- Although this may seem complicated it fulfills the 2 verses - The actual exodus people from Egypt inherit - The descendants determine inheritance *11 We align Lv21-10 Lv16-32 as follows ----------------------------------------------------------------- The priest --------------- ...annointed ...trained replace father The priest who is advanced ...annointed ...trained -------------- *a *b *c *d *b ----------------------------------------------------------------- As the double #b clearly shows there are two criteria - priest is advanced (bigger than his brothers) - priest replaces father These conflicting criteria are resolved using the RabbiIshmael method of 2 STAGES - if the son is qualified pick him - if not pick a qualified non-descendant *12 Interestingly heridatary appointment is mentioned by - Slaves (Lv25-41) - Kings (Dt17-20) - Priests (Dt18-05) - Levites (1C23-13) The Bible EXPLICITLY advances a LINEAGE-MERIT duality for priests (As shown above by the alignment presented in footnote #11). We generalize this to Kings (Rashi Dt17-20c). We do not apply this to slaves since merit is not involved We also do not generalize this to Levites since the Bible explicitly states that they replace the first-born and hence merit is no longer relevant (A qualified 1st born could NOT function as a Levite because the Bible states explicitly that they were replaced (See eg Nu03-40:43) *13 There are 4 texts involved as follows ---------------------------------------- Gn37-27 states idea of sale to ARabs Gn37-28 states Midianites passed but Joe sold to Arabas Gn37-36 states Midianites sold Joe to Potifar Gn39-01 states Arabs sold Joe to Potifar ----------------------------------------- Rashi (Gn37-28a Gn38-28b) resolves these contradictions by assuming 4 stages of sale: - Brothers to Arabs (Gn37-27) - Arabs to Midianites (Hinted at in Gn37-28) - Midianites to ARabs (resolving Gn37-36, Gn39-01) - Arabs to Egypt (Gn39-01) *14 Gn50-10a. Rashi cites an Agaddah from the Talmud. We explain this Talmudic agaddah here. However we preface our explanation with the explanation given above - Recall that Joseph saved the world from famine - Granaries dried up and GREW THORNS except for Josephs - Joseph gave food to these people and saved their lives - One granary that dried up was called the THORNED GRANARY - The people gave respect to Jacob since it was his belief - in Josephs dreams which gave Joseph his greatness The Talmudic Agaddah states ----------------------------------------------------------- All the kings came and took off their crowns and hung them on Josephs coffin ----------------------------------------------------------- We interpret this to mean --------------------------------------- The kings TOOK OFF THEIR HATS TO JOSEPH --------------------------------------- This is a familiar English idiom. The Agaddah states ---------------------------------------------------------- The Arabs and canaanites came to wage war with Josephs brothers but could not because of Jacobs merit ---------------------------------------------------------- We need not interpret this literally. Very often Agaddah uses the technique of EXAGGERATION. Recall that -------------------------------------------------------- Jacobs two sons destroyed an entire Canaanite city; Also recall that their attempt to murder Joseph led to selling him to Arabs who brought him to Egypt There were natural ill feelings. However when the Arabs and Canaanites saw the greatness of Jacob---that because he believed in the dream of the bratty immature Joseph, who was a teenage tattletale and hung out with rif-rafs, and then had a severe prison term -- because Jacob believed in the dream, Joseph, despite his past, grew to greatness and saved the world-- -- When the Arabs and Canaanites saw the greatness of Jacobian prophecy, they TOOK OFF THEIR HATS TO HIM..since they realized there was something higher in life..something that could redeem them from their own low life to a higher life ---------------------------------------------------------- In summary the Agaddah uses exaggeration -- WANTED TO DECLARE WAR -- to indicate ill feelings. The Agaddah used metaphor-- TOOK OFF THEIR HATS--to indicate respect. All this is based on the fact that Jacobs belief in Josephs dreams made him what he became. |
*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2005, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
VERSE: Gn18-10b
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-04 | ||
SUCCINCT SUMMARY ---------------- The FORMATTING rule seeks to explain Rashis based on the FORMATTING of the Biblical text. FORMATTING techniques in modern writing include use of bold, italics,underline, bullets, paragraph indentation and similar items. The Bible indicated FORMATTING using its own techniques: For example - the Bible indicates bold,italics, underline thru REPETITION - the BIble indicates bulleting, thru REPEATING keywords The Bible can also indicate FORMATTING thru meaning without any formal structure. EXAMPLE Gn18-10b ---------------------------------- Gn18-10 states ------------------------------------------- The Angel said - I will RETURN RETURN to you - at this very time next year - and behold--Sarah your wife - will have a boy -------------------------------------------- Rashi comments on the repeated word RETURN RETURN ------------------------------------------- The word is interpreted BROADLY - I, the angel, will RETURN to you - If not me then God, whom I represent will return -------------------------------------------- In fact Gn21-01:02 states ----------------------------------------------- And GOD appointed to Sarah as He said... Sarah gave birth to a boy... ----------------------------------------------- Thus we see that the repeated RETURN RETURN with the consequent BROAD interpretation by Rashi is consistent with what the Biblical text actually says. LIST150a below presents other examples where verses are interpreted broadly because of a REPETITION. | ||
ITEM | DETAIL | |
RASHI RULE CLASS: | REPETITION | |
RASHI SUBRULE CLASS | BROAD | |
RASHI WORKBOOK PRINCIPLE | #20 | |
SEE BELOW | LIST150a | |
List of verses with | REPEATED words interpreted broadly |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-04 | |||
List of verses with REPEATED words interpreted broadly | |||
VERSE | TEXT OF VERSE | EMPHASIS...DO IT... | |
Gn18-10b | I-ll RETURN RETURN | If not ME, then GOD, returns | |
------- | --------------------- | ----------------------------- | |
Dt24-19b | frgt FIELD FIELD hrvst | Forget:a)harvest b)standing*9 | |
Ex23-19b | No COOK milk in meat | On Festivals: Dont even EAT*8 | |
Ex34-26b | No COOK milk in meat | On festivals: Dont even EAT*8 | |
Dt14-21c | No COOK milk in meat | Not even nonKosher to nonJew*8 | |
------- | --------------------- | ----------------------------- | |
Dt01-05b | EXPLAIN EXPLANATION*13 | Provide Explanation Tchniques | |
Nu33-40a | Aaron died;Arad wars | Aaraon's death encouraged war | |
Nu36-04c | BORDER:Sea & BORDER | s BORDER=SEA BORDER=Islands | |
Nu22-21b | Went with MOAB MOAB | a)went physicaly b)agreed with | |
Nu13-30c | we-ll GO UP GO UP | we-ll WIN WAR no matter what | |
Lv20-09a | PARENTS...PARENTS | EVEN after death | |
Lv19-22a | the SIN HE SINNED | WHETHER willful or inadvertent | |
Dt13-16a | HIT HIT by sword | EVEN by Fire | |
Dt15-08b | GIVE GIVE charity | EVEN by loaning | |
Dt16-20a | PURSUE PURSUE Justice | EVEN for mistaken aquitals | |
Ex12-09c | COOK COOK in water | EVEN in other liquids | |
Lv13-35a | SPREAD SPREAD after OK | EVEN if SPREAD while impure | |
Lv17-13a | HUNT A HUNT*10 | EVEN for a non-hunted animal | |
------- | --------------------- | ----------------------------- | |
Nu05-22c | women says AMEN AMEN*5 | Adultery from marriage:engaged | |
Lv25-26c | no menial work(repeat) | Master to slave;King to subjct | |
Lv20-02b | EXECUTE EXECUTE | EVEN by the masses*1 | |
Lv07-19b | MEAT:all MEAT eatable | Even if PART of organ bad*3 | |
Lv05-15b | TRESPASS TRESPASS tmpl | Not only eating;any benefit*2 | |
Lv13-44a | DECLARE DECLARE impure | EVEN if not a head leprosy*4 | |
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*1 Supported by Dt17-06:07 which states -------------------------------------- ..first the witnesses execute...then the people execute -------------------------------------- *2 See http://www.Rashiyomi.com/lv05-02a.htm for a full discussion of the three Rashi methods connected with this verse. *3 e.g. If PART of meat fell outside temple (and is thereby impure) then you can still eat the part of the meat that remained inside the temple (even though the two parts are connected) *4 The text of Lv13-32:45 is as follows ---------------------------------------------------- If on his baldness there is pinkish affiction then leprosy is sprouting in his baldness; the priest reviews and confirms the pinkish affliction in his baldness just like skin leprosy...[then] this person is leprousand is ritually impure; the priest shall DECLARE DECLARE him impure and the lepor with the affliction: his garments shall be rent and his head left wild.... ----------------------------------------------------- The words DECLARE DECLARE encourage a BROAD interpretation of this chapter: The requirements of declaration, garment renting and head left wild apply not only to the subject of the chapter---a bald person with leprosy---but apply to ANY lepor *5 Rashi actually brings down THREE consequences of the broad interpretation emanating from the repeated word ------------------------------------------------------ The word AMEN signifies acceptance of an oath of curse - ACCEPTANCE whether she committed adultery from the suspected person OR from any other person - ACCEPTANCE whether she cheated while married or whether she cheated while (BiblicallY) engaged - ACCEPTANCE of both the OATH (I didnt commit adultery) as well as the consequent CURSE (May I be punished if I did commit adultery) ------------------------------------------------------ From these three distinct interpretations we infer that the basic idea of Rashi is that ----------------------------------- The repetition indicates ACCEPTANCE IN ALL CIRCUMSTANCES ----------------------------------- *6 An alternative approach not based on repetition reviews all references to MOAB in Nu22-10:21. They are referred to as - Moabs princes - Balaks servants - Them - people If in Nu22-21 it refers to them as MOAB PRINCES ----------------------------- Bilam went with Moabs princes ----------------------------- The emphasis seems to be that he went with them and the Moabite philosophy (He agreed with them) *7 Several points should be made on this unusual repetition - the repetition is not a repetition of a word or phrase within one verse but rather a repetition in separate verses - the repetition does not suggest an emphasis in a word or phrase but rather an emphasis in a juxtaposition-- two juxtaposed events are seen as causing or enabling each other -- Aaron's death -- the war by Arad The repeating sets of verses are - Nu20-22:29, Nu21-01 and - Nu33-38:40 states*11 *8 Since Ex23-19b, Ex34-26b speaks about - See God on Festivals three times a year - Don't cook the meat of a kid in milk of mother therefore we extend the prohibition of COOKING to EATING since on the festivals one eats the FESTIVE offerings Since Dt14-21c states that one should sell non-Kosher meat (of birds) to non-Jews therefore, since the context is one of non-Jews we extend the prohibition to - not BENEFITING from milk and meat - not even cooking milk and NON-KOSHER meat Finally Rashi makes an additional linguistic point - The word KID is a GENERAL word (like in English) - which can refer to an ANIMAL, BIRD or BEAST kid. The word KID occurs 10 times in the Bible - 7 times it occurs as KID OF GOATS - in the 3 verses prohibiting milk and meat it simply says KID. Rashi states --------------------------------------- Since it usually says KID OF GOATS therefore KID by itself could refer to KID of any animal --------------------------------------- I would view this as a supportive proof. The real point is that KID refers to a YOUNGSTER and hence (as in English) can mean the YOUNGSTER of animals birds or beasts. *9 Dt24-19 states ------------------------------------------- When you harvest a harvest in your FIELD and you forget a bundle in the FIELD then do not return to take it; leave it for the sojourner, orphan and widow ... -------------------------------------------- Rashi comments on the repeated word FIELD ------------------------------------------- The law of leaving forgotten items for the poor applies to any item left in the FIELD - whether you forget a harvested bundle - or you forget to harvest a standing attached grain In each case you must leave the forgotten item for the poor -------------------------------------------- | |||
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*10 Rashi citing the Talmud asks ------------------------------------------------ But if the law applies to HUNTED or DOMISTICATED (non-hunted) animals why does the bible use the phrase HUNT alltogether? ANSWER: The Bible speaks about a TYPICAL SITUATION: One normally should not eat meat except on special occassions and after significant work like a hunt ------------------------------------------------ *11 It is instructive to compare our explanation with Rashi's wording. Rashi states on the verse ---------------------------------------------- And king of Arad HEARD when Jews came to SPY-ROAD ---------------------------------------------- Rashi states on Nu21-01a ------------------------------------------- What did he HEAR? He heard that Aaron died ------------------------------------------- This of course is rediculous. The verse explicitly states ---------------------------------------- He HEARD that the Jews came ---------------------------------------- But Rashi HIMSELF clarifies his position on Nu33-40a Rashi states --------------------------------------- The set of verses relating a) Aarons death and b) the declaration of war by Arad, is repeated to emphasize that one caused the other*12 --------------------------------------- Thus we see that Rashi HIMSELF contradicts his early play on words WHAT DID HE HEAR? HE HEARD OF AARONS DEATH. Such play on words is typical in Rashi---Rashi lived before the printing press-- by phrasing homilies in turns of word plays he facilitated memorization and retention in students. *12 Rashi provides a possible explanation as to why Aaron's death would encourage Arad to declare war Rashi conjectures that Aaron, as High Priest, was a spiritual force not only for the Jews but for surrounding nations.When he died Arad decided the Jews would lack their spiritual backup and decided it was time to declare war. *13 Several points on Rashi - Rashi literally says -------------------------------- Moses translated the Torah in 70 languages -------------------------------- This might mean the 70 languages of the world (Arab, French, Chinese etc) We however have translated 70 LANGUAGES to also mean 70 LITERARY TECHNIQUES. For example in expounding the text Moses could point out ALIGNED VERSES, or CONTRADiCTORY VERSES, or REPEATED WORDS... Each of these is a TECHNIQUE of TRANSLATION similar to what we do in this Rashi list. Our motivation for such a re-translation of Rashi is the fact that Rashi is commenting on the repeated phrase EXPLAINED EXPLANATION - the verse also states EXPLAINED GOOD EXPLANATIONS The word GOOD gives extra emphasis. The simplest approach is that Rashi explained BOTH the REPETITION and the word GOOD: Moses did both - he translated the Torah into other languages - he expounded the Torah based on techniques. |
*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2005, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-04 | |||
Lighting summary of Rashis with emphasis on Rashi rules*10 | |||
# | LIST | BRIEF SUMMARY OF RASHI EMPHASIZING USE OF RASHI RULES | |
7 | 955z | Pay-Tauv-Cheth=OPENING; Daleth-Lamed-Tauv=DOOR | |
7 | 854x | This will COVER THE EYES=PREVENT PEOPLE FROM EYEING YOU-clearYou | |
9 | 061a | Lot commits incest AND HENCE Abe travelled away(no association) | |
20 | 150a | I(ANGEL) will RETURN RETURN next year-If not I,then God returns | |
15 | 530a | 1st)Wayfarers STAND BY Abe; they walk away; 2nd)Abe RUNS to them | |
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*10 The explanation of the list should be clear - The first column gives the NUMBER of the RASHI RULE used All Rashi rules may be found with examples at http://wwww.Rashiyomi.com/workbook.htm - The second column gives the LIST ID (eg LIST210z) which contains many examples of a particular Rashi technique and includes the example presented in the third column - The third column gives a lightning summary of the Rashi with particular emphasis on the Rashi rule used. All lists may be found at http://www.Rashiyomi.com/lists.htm |
(C) Dr Hendel, Jan-04 | |||
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VERSE | RULE | BRIEF DESCRIPTION | |
======== | =============== | ===================================== | |
Gn19-11a | WORD MEANINGS | PETACH=opening; DELETH=door | |
Gn20-16a | WORD MEANINGS | COVER EYES=Prevent Eyeing you | |
Gn20-16b | WORD MEANINGS | COVER EYES=Prevent Eyeing you | |
Gn20-01a | GRAMMARR | Lot incest CAUSES Abe to move | |
Gn18-10b | REPETITION | Angel RETURN RETURN-if not Angel, God | |
Gn18-02c | CONTRADICTION | People STOOD by Abe; Abe RUNS to them | |
--------- | ---------------- | ----------------------------------- |
*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2005, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#