Rashi-Is-Simple Mailing List
(C) Dr Russell Jay Hendel, 1999
Http://www.shamash.org/rashi/
Volume 2 Number 3
Produced Apr. 30 1999
Topics Discussed in This Issue
------------------------------
v0430 Highlights
v3a24-10 WENT OUT=Went out of his mind (like in English)
v3-23-30 The CRTh punishment (cut off) means going to HELL
v3c23-40 Hadasim are called CORD TWIGS because they are braided
v3z21-1 Errata from previous issue
v3b21-18 TRANSLATIONS:CHRm=Face is sunken nosed (like a net)..
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1999 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
* v0430 Highlights
TO GET THE MOST OUT OF THIS ISSUE ONLY READ THE
* VERSE
* RASHI TEXT
* BRIEF BUT COMPLETE NARRATIVE EXPLANATION
TO READ A SPECIFIC SECTION
Use your FIND menu (e.g. FIND VERSE takes you to next verse
ALTERNATIVELY TO GO TO THE NEXT POSTING
Use FIND #*#*#*#--this takes you to the next posting
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1999 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
VERSE: v3a24-10
v3a24-10 And a jew WENT out of his mind
v4b16-1 And Korach TOOK A HOLD OF HIMSELF
RASHI TEXT:
v3a24-10 The word 'WENT' means"Went out of his mind" (Rabbi Levi)
He went out of his mind because he started making fun
of the above Chapter (3-24):"Most people want fresh
bread but the bread in the temple could stay a week"
(So it shows a lack of respect)(Rav Berechya)
He went out of Moses court where he had made a claim
for Danite property based on his maternal descent.
When Moses rejected his claim (because property rights
are paternal not maternal) he went and blasphemized.
(Unspecified baraitha opinion)
v4b16-1
'And Korach TOOK A HOLD OF HIMSELF' means
He asserted himself to stand up to Moses (v4-16-2).
The phrase TAKE A HOLD OF ONESELF is similar to a Aramaic
translation: He SEPARATED HIMSELF (from the community to
have a fight).
A comparable phrase is Job-15-12 -- Why do you "TAKE YOUR
HEART" = Assert yourself to fight with God.
Another nuance of TAKE is TO SPEAK (as in the English
phrases "To market" or "To advertise"?)(The idea being that
you do not PHYSICALLY TAKE the person but PERSUADE HIM
to join your point of view--thus you want to get a 'take'
on him)
BRIEF BUT COMPLETE NARRATIVE EXPLANATION:
The classical approach to Rashi is to state the PROBLEM and
and then show how Rashi found a SOLUTION.
In 3-24-10 the PROBLEM is that the verb "WENT OUT" is used
without any context of FROM where he went out of or TO where
he went.
The solution Rashi posits can be amply illustrated with an
English analogy: He WENT means "He **WENT** out of his mind".
So Rashi Is Simple.
Many words referring to spatial activities can also refer to
psychological attributes. This duality can be beautifully
confirmed by using comparable English phrases.
How so? LKCh means to TAKE and is usually a transitive verb (You
take SOMETHING). But in 4-16-1 it is used to TAKE A HOLD OF
ONESELF--so the verse means: "And Korach decided to TAKE a hold
of himself (ie get a GRIP on himself) ..and He stood up to Moses"
Similarly, YTzH means to GO OUT. In SONGS-5-6 it refers to being
in love--the closest English phrase would be "To go bananas".
See the rest of Songs-5 for confirmation of this nuance
Similarly GVH means to RAISE. But when applied to a person it
can mean to become HAUGHTY (e.g. Isa 3-16).
So indeed, Rashi is Simple: The word WENT OUT here means he
WENT OUT OF HIS MIND.
This is partially supported by the absence of an indication
of FROM where he went out or TO where he went. However
as {LIST2} shows it **is** stylistically permissable to use the
verb WENT OUT without indicating EITHER a FROM or a TO.
The real source of this Rashi is NOT the problem but rather
{LIST1} which shows that MOTION verbs can refer to PSYCHOLOGICAL
attributes.
There are some other material in Rashi which, as we shall see,
is speculative and has nothing to do with the verses.
Rashi brings 2 other opinions.
b) He WENT out of the teaching of 3-24 (which claims that
the Temple bread can sometimes be a week old)
c) He WENT out of court.
Since these two opinions use the word WENT it APPEARS that Rashi
is giving 3 approaches to the meaning of WENT: He went
a) out of his mind,
b) out of the teaching of the above chapter.
c) out of court
Actually however there are no precedents for interpretations (b)
and (c)--they cannot (as far as I know) be backed by lists.
Thus the proper approach is to the interpretation of the verse
is to say that there is only ONE interpretation:
WENT OUT = WENT OUT OF HIS MIND
However this raises the additional question: WHY? Why did he
go out of his mind? On this question we have 2 answers:
b) He thought one of the Biblical (temple)
laws did not make sense;
(c) he lost a court case.
The reasons for these two opinions has nothing to do with
the verse: They are just reasonable conjectures on why
people go out of their mind.
My custom when teaching Chumash and Rashi is to ask the class:
"Give reasons why you think someone would lose their minds".
I assume losing court cases would be high on everyones list.
Religious doubt (not understanding certain laws) would
probably be also high.
In summary: Rashi interprets WENT OUT to mean He WENT OUT OF
HIS MIND. He then lists two conjectures on why he went out
of his mind: a) Lost of a court case and b) religious doubt.
Rashi does not learn this from any grammatical problem He
rather learns this from the right to interpret MOTION verbs
psychologically.
COMMENTS ON RASHI'S FORM:
Rashi in 4-16-1 gives, NOT another explanation of this verse,
but rather another NUANCE of the verb TO TAKE: Visually, it
can mean "To talk" "To Market" (Compare the English phrase
"To TAKE someone over to ones side").
This is similar to the technique used here in Rashi Is Simple
to list all meanings of a verb. {LIST3} provides such a list.
Rashis emphasis in bringing this other meaning of LKCh is
because this other meaning (to talk) is also a PSYCHOLOGICAL
nuance like the meaning TO ASSERT.
LISTS {For ADVANCED students and for those with more time}:
{LIST1} {Use of Motion verbs to refer to psychological attributes}
COMPARABLE
VERB PSYHCOLOGICAL ENGLISH SAMPLE
MEANING PHRASE VERSE
==== ============= ========== ======
Take Assert oneself Take a hold of oneself 4-16-1*1
Get a grip on oneself
Go out Fall in love Go bananas over Songs-5-6*2
Raise Arrogance Isa-3-16
Go out Become insane Go out of ones mind 3-24-10
Take Talk *3 TAKE him to our side 4-20-25
FOOTNOTES
*1 Job-15-12 is a comparable verse (TAKE YOUR HEART=ASSERT YOURSELF)
(Rashi). Also see 2S18-18 Abshalom Asserted himself and made
a monument to himself during his lifetime (RDK).
*2 (Cf the other English phrase "I can't take it without you" which
uses the word TAKE instead of GO OUT. Indeed the rest of Songs-5
seems consistent with this for they ask her (when she says "I
am going bananas...I can't take it"--they say "Why is your lover
different than other lovers (that you pester us to find him)")
*3 In other words: TAKE does NOT mean PHYSICALLY TAKE but VERBALLY
PERSUADE (Verbally take)
{LIST2} {Partial list of verses where WENT OUT is used but there
is no explicit explanation of where he went FROM or
where he WENT TO}
VERSE TEXT
======== =========================================
2-16-4 The nation WENT OUT and gathered manna *1
5-31-2 I can't go OUT and COME IN (I am old)
1-15-14 And then they will GO OUT with riches *1
2-15-20 And all the women WENT OUT after her *1
Ez-37-1 And God took me OUT, by prophecy *1
FOOTNOTES
*1 Although e.g. in 1-15-14 it does not explicitly say
FROM WHERE they went out it is clear from
context--it says "Your children will be
sojourners in a foreign land...and they will
go out..."
This is also true in the other verses (e.g.
God took me OUT...and RESTED ME IN THE VALLEY
--so by context it is as if it said: God
took me out TO THE VALLEY.
The odd thing about 3-24-10 is that besides
there not being a FROM and TO there is not
even a CONTEXT which suggests FROM where
or TO where they came.
However the simple meaning of the text is
not based on this problem but rather on {LIST1}--
the use of motion verbs to denote psychological
attributes.
{LIST3} {List of meanings of LKCh = Take--courtesy of RDK/RASHI}
MEANING SAMPLE VERSE
WHERE THIS
MEANING OCCURS TEXT
======= ============== ==============
Physically take 5-4-2 Took you out of Egypt
Death (taking of soul) 1-5-24 And God took his soul
Assert 4-16-1 Korach asserted..
Talk/Persuade 4-20-25 *1 Persuade him to go
The "Take" or portion 4-31-12 The BOOTY and captives
Barbeque thongs Isa-6-6 barbeque thongs
Teaching 5-32-2 *1 Don't despise my teachings
Business Neh-10-32 All business and deals
Pulsating fie *2 2-9-24 Pulsating fire
FOOTNOTES
*1 Some people might think that the idea of TAKE=TALK is due to
Rashi not RDK. But RDK has the idea of TAKE=TEACHING (a verbal
activity). So these two authorities are basically in agreement!
In fact from Prv-7-21 (She seduced him with her SPEECH) it
would appear that LKCh means primarily PERSUASIVE SPEECH and
not teaching (Explicitly brought down by the RDK).
*2 The word PULSATING FIRE comes from LKC=Take-because pulsation
likes like fire trying to escape and then being TAKEN IN
again.
CROSS REFERENCES:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
RULE CLASSIFICATION {See the web site for comparable examples}:
WORD MEANINGS
WORD MEANINGS
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1999 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
VERSE: v3-23-30
v3-23-30 ..and I will place in hell those who violate
RASHI TEXT:
v3-23-30
AVD = AVADON = HELL.
The punishment of BEING CUT OFF mentioned for various sins
is really a punishment of going into hell.
BRIEF BUT COMPLETE NARRATIVE EXPLANATION:
Thruout the Bible certain sins are marked with a punishment
of THE SINNER WILL BE CUT OFF (KRth) {LIST1}.
In 3-23-30 the punishment is denoted with the ROOT, AVD
which means TO LOSE.
Note that Rashi KNOWS the meaning of CUTTING OFF (KRTh) and
LOSE (AVD). He however does not know how to apply it to
the punishment of the sinner. What for example does it mean
that a "soul will be LOST from its nation". In other words
what does the WHOLE PHRASE "lost from its nation" mean.
As {LIST2} shows AVD also means HELL. Thus Rashi Is
Simple. v3-23-30 does not mean "and the soul will be lost
to its nation" but rather means "..and the soul will go
into hell"
There is one more subtlety here: In many other places the CUTTING
OFF punishment KRTh is mentioned without any further explanation
In 3-23 both the verbs KRTH=CUT OFF and AVD=LOSS are mentioned.
Since AVD also means HELL it is legitimate not only to
interpret AVD,v3-23-30 as "WILL GO TO HELL" but also to interpret
all KRTh this way. More specifically Rashi is EXPLICITLY
suggeting that all verses with CUT OFF FROM HIS NATION should
be translated as HE WILL GO TO HELL.
COMMENTS ON RASHI'S FORM:
LISTS {For ADVANCED students and for those with more time}:
* {LIST1} {Partial lists of verses with punishment of KRTh=cut off}
vERSE WITH CUTOFF SIN
================= =========================
1-17-14 Circumcision
3-17-14 Eating blood
2-30-38 Making temple perfume
3-20-18 Sleeping with a menstruant
3-20-6 Ov/Yidon worship
* {LIST2} {LIST of meanings of ROOT AVD}
MEANING TYPICAL VERSE
======= =============
to lose--lost article 3-5-22
to destroy Thr-2-9 *1
hell Prv-27-20
FOOTNOTES
*1 The meaning DESTROY vs LOSE seems to be associated more with
the PIEL, intensive tense.
CROSS REFERENCES:
* There is an academic article somewhere in the literature (I
honestly forget where) which distinguished two types of
phrases:
Thus a "toy gun" is NOT a gun while
a "machine gun" IS a gun.
There are many ways of looking at this distinction. For the
purposes of this posting we look at it as the distinction
between the meaning of a word BY ITSELF or IN A PHRASE.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
RULE CLASSIFICATION {See the web site for comparable examples}:
WORD MEANINGS
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1999 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
VERSE: v3c23-40
v3c23-40 Take an Ethrog, Lulav ... and CORD TWIG
RASHI TEXT:
v3c23-40
CORD TWIGS = HADASIM (because the twigs looked twisted like a cord
BRIEF BUT COMPLETE NARRATIVE EXPLANATION:
Rashi Is Simple. He is simply giving the dictionary
translation of the word. He is telling us that CORD TWIGS
refer to HADASIM.
It is important to emphasize that Rashi is NOT DERIVING the
meaning of the word: He is not LEARNING from the phrase CORD
TWIGS that it refers to HADAS---Rashi knows the 4
fruits used on Succoth from Tradition. Rather Rashi here
is giving the ETYMOLOGY of the word CORDS.
As to the etymology itself {LIST1} shows many examples of
an object (noun) becoming an attribute (adjective) by naming
things that LOOK LIKE IT. Thus we have the color "cherry red"
from "cherry",or the 'Pentagon' building from the shape 'pentagon'
We now give another possible point of view but then reject it.
We use the following analogy:
A foreigner comes to my house and I tell him that towels are
kept in the BATHROOM. Even if he never heard the word before
he can easily recognize that
BATHROOM=BATH + ROOM = THE ROOM WITH A BATH
This is called LEARNING FROM CONTEXT. I believe it is estimated
that 50% of all meanings are learned not by tradition or in
the classroom but by context. In this case the foreigner uses
the combination of the DERIVATION and the fact that there are
only a finite number of rooms in the house.
So too...even if I didn't know what CORD TWIGS refers to I
do know they are some type of PLANT---so I can be certain that
they are the type of plant that looks like a cord.
However if this point of view was correct we would expect some
controversy -- we would expect the naming of several plants
that look like cords. Since there is unanimous agreement on
what the CORD PLANTS are we prefer the TRADITION-EYTMOLOGY
approach first mentioned.
The idea that controversy only occurs in Derivations but not
in traditions is explicitly stated by the Rambam in his
great introduction to the Mishnah.
COMMENTS ON RASHI'S FORM:
LISTS {For ADVANCED students and for those with more time}:
{LIST1} {Creation of new meaning: Things that LOOK LIKE
the original word}
FIRST MEANING NEW MEANING
============= ===========
The fruit, cherry The color, cherry
The shape, pentagon The building, pentagon
Loud=alot of noise a Loud dress=alot of noticeability
Storm=alot of raindrops Brainstorm=alot of ideas
Surf the seas=bumpy journey surf the web = bumpy lookup
CROSS REFERENCES:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
RULE CLASSIFICATION {See the web site for comparable examples}:
NEW MEANING
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1999 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
To: "'Russell J Hendel'"
Date: Mon, 26 Apr 1999 16:09:06 +0300
Subject: RE: Volume 2 Number 2
Hi,
You wrote:
# TAMAY = Contact with the dead--e.g. going to a funeral parlor
## DESECRATED PRIESTS = The descendant of a priest and a relation
prohibited on a priest (like a priest and a divorcee)
### Of course, the TAMAY priest can give Birth to children. But
they do not have PRIESTLY status.
I think you meant the third line to read:
### Of course, the DESECRATED PRIESTS can give Birth to children. But
they do not have PRIESTLY status.
Right?
Tizke L'Mitzvot,
[Moderator: Correct...As I indicated I am rewriting the early
issues of Rashi Is Simple. I am also correcting minor
errors that occur. This error will be connected next week.
I am also correcting some spelling errors caught by
another Rashi Is Simplist
Feel free to make stylistic comments about anything.
All comments will be posted anonomously (unless you indicate
the desire to have them acknowledged)]
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1999 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
VERSE: 3b21-18
3b21-18 A blemished priest shall not offer: blind,lame...
3c21-18 CHrm...SRA...
3a21-20
3b21-20
3c21-20
3c21-21
RASHI TEXT:
----------
3b21-18 CHRm = Sunken nose between the two eyes
3c21-18 SRA = e.g. one of the 2 eyes is bigger than the other
(Or in any organ pair one is bigger than the other)
3a21-20 GBN = Eyebrows are long and leaning on skin
3b21-20 DK = Spot in the eye
3c21-20 TVLL = Streak cutting the pupil
3c21-21 LCHm = Any food
BRIEF BUT COMPLETE NARRATIVE EXPLANATION:
CHRM = A Net. It can also refer to encircling/capturing an enemy
In this verse it refers to having a sunken nose between
your eyes (So the face has the apparence of a 2 holed NET)
{LIST1}
SRA = To elongate; and can easily refer to one organ being
longer than the other {LIST2}
GVN= GV by itself means an individual eyelash.
But as I will suggest below GBN is a separate root.
This separation of roots helps solve some of the
uncertainties in the Radack (who lists both the
Mesorah meaning of long lying eyelashes and the
alternative meaning of HUNCHBACK)
GVN means cheese. So GBN when applied to eyelashes
would denote a clumpy cheese like appearance (lots
of long eyelashes lying around--(I however have not
seen an explicit source which introduces the idea
of clumpiness)). However GVN also means RUGGED
mountain terrain (looks like cheese).
A person with long lying eyelashes would indeed
have a rugged cheese like appearance around his
eyes. (See {LIST3} for a thourough discussion)
DKK = Thin. DK = Spot
BLL = Mix. TVLL = a Streak mixed with the pupil
LCHm= Bread specifically and any food generally.
We have already seen how certain words (e.g. day) can
have general and specific meanings (day=12 hours, day=
24 hours).See {LIST4} for a collection of nouns (objects)
with this dual meaning.
COMMENTS ON RASHI'S FORM:
LISTS {For ADVANCED students and for those with more time}:
{LIST1} {Meanings of root CHRm--courtesy of RDK
The unifying meaning is NET *1}
MEANING VERSE TEXT
======= ===== ====
Net Hab-1-15 He will drag it into his net
Temple dedicate 3-27-28 Any dedication to God *2
Destroy*3 5-20-17 Destroy them
Sunken nose 3-21-18 Sunken nosed *4
FOOTNOTES
*1 Note for purposes of this list (ie Justify Rashi Is Simple) we
note that Rashi was simply giving dictionary meanings.
Nevertheless I have routinely reviewed other meanings of
verbs in the hope of making these etymologies more obvious.
This however is my own research and has no bearing on the
simplicity of Rashi. I have also occasionally shown how
Rashi expects us to sometimes to do more research (Workbook
methods) than he has given.
*2 So DEDICATE means a "CATCH for GOD" or "NETTED FOR GOD"
The word has a connotation that like a fisherman making a big
catch and becoming ecstatic so to a person making a good catch
in life and desiring to dedicate it to God has made a CHRm,
...he NETTED TO GOD
*3 I would suggest that it really means to 'destroy like FISH.'
That is to NET (=encircle and trap) and Let die (like fish
in a net). We are, because of Nazi Germany more use to the
"Cattle car" metaphor. But as Eccl-9-12 shows, the FISH
IN THE NET metaphor was used in the Bible.
Note that the "destroy" meaning of NET seems to occur only
in the HIFIL.
*4 The sunken nose face looks like a 2 holed net.
{LIST2} {Occurences of SRA--only 3 times in Tnach}
VERSE TEXT
======= =====
3-21-18 Stretched organ (one is bigger than the other)
3-22-23 Stretched organ (one is bigger than the other)
Isa-28-20 For the bed is to small to be (even) stretched
{LIST3} {Meanings of root with GV-GBN--courtesy of RDK
As will be seen the RDK frequently gives 2 meanings,
showing his uncertainty. I however have a simple
solution based on the two forms GB vs GBN
See below for details}
ROOT VERSE MEANING
==== ===== =======
GV Ez43-13 Backbone of the altar *1
GV Ps129-3 Human backbone *1
GV 3-14-9 Eyelash *1
GBN Job10-10 Cheese *2
GBN 3-21-20 Long lying eyelashes *3
GBN Ps68-17 Rugged mountains *4
GBN 3-14-9 Eyelash *3
FOOTNOTES
*1 Note that these 3 meanings all
* are associated with the form GV
* have a meaning of backbone
Thus the BACKBONE of the altar; The human backbone;
and the individual eyelash which LOOKS like a bone
sticking out from the eye.
*2 GBN is listed as a separate root by the RDK.
It means cheese and by transfer would mean any
rugged like terrain. So we have a
a) rugged eyelash appearance
(Eyelashes long and lying about)
b) rugged mountains with a cheese
like terrain (clumpy).
*3 RDK lists these two meanings but does so in the ROOT GV
Since he lists it in the root GV he lists the meaning of
GVN = Hunchback. Why does RDK classify these in GV?
Because GV means Eyelashes and therefore RDK thought
that GBN which is an eyelash sickness belongs with GV.
My solution is simple. GV means an INDIVIDUAL eyelash
which looks like a backbone and belongs therefore in
ROOT GV. By contrast the eyelash sickness looks like
cheese, a COLLECTION of clumped eyelashes and belongs
in GBN. By reclassifying the roots we avoid problems
and ambiguity
Note also that my solution helps avoid deviating from
the Mesorah and interpreting GBN as hunchback.
*4 RDK classifies this BOTH in GV and GBN. In GV he
apparently takes this as meaning CHEESE LIKE TERRAIN
--a rugged clumpy (like cheese) mountain
But in GAV he takes this to mean a LOW MOUNTAIN (like
a hunchback).
Again I would suggest simply classifying this root
as GBN and thereby avoiding all problems.
{LIST4} {Partial list of nouns (objects) with narrow and general
meaning}
WORD NARROW MEANING BROAD MEANING
==== ============== =============
Day 12 hour period 24 hour period
Bread Bread Any Food
Man (ISH) Male Any person
E-L-H-I-M God Any Judge
Candellabra Main shaft Whole candellabra*1
FOOTNOTES
=========
*1 Cf 2-25-31 (broad meaning) vs 2-25-34 (narrow meaning). We have
a whole posting on the Menorah where this is developed in length.
(e.g. v2a25-31)
CROSS REFERENCES:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
RULE CLASSIFICATION {See the web site for comparable examples}:
WORD TRANSLATIONS
WORD TRANSLATIONS
WORD TRANSLATIONS
WORD TRANSLATIONS
WORD TRANSLATIONS
WORD TRANSLATIONS
NEW MEANINGS
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1999 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
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e.g. v5b2-1 means as follows:
The "v" means verse
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The "b" means The second rashi on that
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Seir)
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