SUCCINCT SUMMARY
----------------
One of Rashis 10 main goals is to give the meaning of
words the same way the dictionary gives meaning. We
call this the Rashi method of WORD MEANING.

All languages allow words to acquire
NEW MEANINGS. Rashi frequently used a
universal principle of all languages---METONOMY.
METONOMY refers to the capacity to name an item
by a related item (such as naming a PEOPLE, Americans,
by the LAND they live in, America)

An special case of METONOMY is naming an object by
- its FORM (e.g. the PENTAGON)
- its FUNCTION (e.g. the UNITED NATIONS)
- its FEEL (e.g. HARDship)

A special use of METONOMY is naming the WHOLE
by the PART (or the PART by the WHOLE). Some
typical examples include
- EXEMPLARY EXAMPLES: e.g. HONEY means anything SWEET
- WHOLE-PART: e.g. Gave HAND in marriage
(But whole person marries)

EXAMPLE 1: Gn23-13b
--------------------
In Gn23-13b Ephron brags about how
he wants to sell his field to Abraham
for a burial plot
---------------------------------------
And Ephron said: It is DONE (I GAVE you
the field)
----------------------------------------

RASHI
----------------------------------
Same as the English idiom CONSIDER IT DONE
It means nothing more has to be done on
your part and it will be taken care of.
----------------------------------

Here Rashi uses the GOOD/BEST EXAMPLE method
of naming since a GOOD EXAMPLE of no-further-work
needed is when it is already DONE.

EXAMPLE 2: Gn31-24a
-------------------
At Gn31-24 God appeared to Laban and said
--------------------------------------
Don't speak to Jacob FROM GOOD TO BAD
--------------------------------------

Rashi explains the CAPPED phrase, GOOD OR BAD
--------------------------------------------
GOOD OR BAD means ANYTHING. God told Laban
not to say ANYTHING (favors or threats) to Jacob
--------------------------------------------

This is similar to the Hebrew Idiom
-----------------------------------
Not from your STING or HONEY
-----------------------------------

Here Rashi uses SYNECHDOCHE since
GOOD or BAD or GOOD examples (or EXTREMES)
of SAYING THINGS to a person.

EXAMPLE 3: Gn31-26a
-------------------
Laban at Gn31-26 complains to Jacob
------------------------------------
Why did you treat my daughters
like CAPTIVES OF THE SWORD
------------------------------------

Rashi explains the capped phrase
----------------------------------
CAPTIVES OF THE SWORD means
CAPTIVES OF WAR
----------------------------------

Here Rashi uses the SYNECHDOCHE/GOOD EXAMPLE
method since CAPTIVES OF THE SWORD is
a GOOD EXAMPLE of CAPTIVES OF WAR

This is similar to the English idiom
BATH-ROOM. Not every BATH-ROOM has a BATH
Some just have TOILET facilities. But a
BEST EXAMPLE of a BATHROOM is a ROOM WITH
TOILETS and BATHS.


EXAMPLES 4,5: Gn24-20a Gn14-14a
-------------------------------
Gn24-20a and Gn14-14a introduce
two idioms for RAPID UNLOADING.
The two idioms use the
two techniques of
- APPEARANCE (Something unloaded is NAKED)
- APPEARANCE (When you pull your sword
you EMPTY the quiver)

Hence the two Rashis
----------------------------------------
- They EMPTIED THEIR SWORDS simply means
they quicly unloaded them from their quivers

- She NAKEDED HER WATER PITCHER means she
COMPLETELY EMPTIED it
-----------------------------------------

Here Rashi uses the techniques of NAMING BY
FORM/APPEARANCE. Although Rashi DOES give other
verses with similar usages we feel that this
is SUPPORTIVE evidence but not necessary since
EVERY language has the right to coin new terms
based on FORM.

Finally note that EMPTIED THE SWORD is a
METONOMY. You don't EMPTY the SWORD but
rather EMPTY THE QUIVER (From the sword).
However METONOMY allows confusing the
QUIVER with the related SWORD.

EXAMPLE 6: Gn31-36a
-------------------
Jacob, at Gn31-36 asks Laban
who had PURSUED him after Jacob fled
--------------------------
Why did you BURN after me
--------------------------

Rashi comments
---------------------
BURN means to PURSUE
---------------------

Here Rashi uses the method of naming
by ACTIVITY FORM since a SPREADING
FIRE resembles in form a PURSUING POSSY.

Again: Although there are other verses
to support Rashi's contention we believe
the main driving force of his comment
is the universal feature of all languages
to NAME BY FORM. The other verses are
consequently only supportive.

LIST871z presents these and
other IDIOMS based on metonomy, synechdoche, and FFF.

List of idioms using METONOMY/SYNECHDOCHE(Meaning by relation)
LIST871z continues LIST871d LIST871c LIST871b LIST871a

SUCCINCT SUMMARY
----------------
Rashi frequently makes powerful inferences from
- the ALIGNMENT,
- that is, the word by word comparison,
of almost identical  verses. The minor variations
between these almost similar  verses suggests nuances
and differences or even meaning. We
call this the Rashi rule of ALIGNMENT

-When Rashi identifies two cases from the ALIGNMENT we call
this the Rashi subrule of TWO CASES

-When Rashi infers nuances from the variations between the
almost similar verses (or verse phrases) we call this the
Rashi subrule of NUANCES.

-When Rashi infers MEANING from the ALIGNMENT of almost
identical phrases we call this the Rashi SUBRULE of MEANING.

EXAMPLE 1: Gn20-06a Gn20-04a
---------------------------------------------
At Gn20-06a God and Avimelech discuss the
allegation that Avimelech committed adultery
with Abraham's wife. Avimelech protests that
she didn't tell him that she was married
-------------------------------------------------------------
AVIMELECH:With an INNOCENT HEART and CLEAN HANDS I acted
GOD:      with    INNOCENT HEART but I PREVENTED you from sin
Notes:            *1                 *2
-------------------------------------------------------------

Rashi comments on NUANCES of the above ALIGNMENT
-----------------------------------------------
God agreed that Avimelech was innocent (Because
Sarah did not inform her she was married).

But God disagrees that He had CLEAN HANDS; rather God
says that GOD PREVENTED AVIMELECH from sinning.

(The point here is that if on the wedding night
she had told him the truth he wouldnt have listened
and would have consumated the marriage anyway)
-----------------------------------------------

List310d summzarizes this ALIGNMENT and
presents further details.

EXAMPLE 2: Gn31-17a
--------------------
Note the gender order in the following 2 verses
discussing families travelling
---------------------------------------------
Gn31-17a   Jacob travelled: with his SONS and WIVES
Gn36-06    Esauv travelled: with his WIVES and SONS
---------------------------------------------

Rashi comments
--------------------------------------
The order is reversed. By Jacob the men(SONS)
led while by Esauv the women(WIVES) led
--------------------------------------

Rashi does not elaborate further. I would suggest
that Rashi is emphasizing the need for proper
gender role models. As little boys and girls
grow up it is important that they see appropriate
role models for their gender. Lack of such role
models can be a contributing factor to poor marriages.
R Friedman in his book "Doesn't anyone blush anymore"
points out that the 20th century is the first period
in which there is mass confusion on role models.

In passing the lack of proper gender role models
(Men lead) is a contributing factor to excessive
violence for which Esauv is known.

List310e summzarizes this ALIGNMENT and presents further details.

LIST of                  Innocence claims in Avimelech's adultery

LIST of                  Gender order in Gn31-17a,Gn36-06

SUCCINCT SUMMARY
----------------
A powerful but simple Rashi method is the CITATION or CROSS-
REFERENCING of an OTHER VERSE for the purpose of adding
FURTHER DETAILS to a verse we are studying. We call this
the OTHER VERSE method. There are three submethods to the
OTHER VERSE method.

If the verse actually CITES or refers to an OTHER VERSE we
call this the SUBMETHOD of CITATION.

If the OTHER VERSE explains the meaning of
some term in the first verse we call this the SUBMETHOD
of MEANING.

If the first verse does not cite an other verse and if
no meaning is explained then we call this the SUBMETHOD
of FURTHER DETAILS since the 2nd verse either confirms
the first verse or typically adds FURTHER DETAILS to
the first verse

EXAMPLE 1: Gn31-41a
-------------------------------
Today we continue the new method to explain
Rashis using the OTHER VERSE method.
- We CITE the verse Rashi is commenting on
- We place in BRACKETS [] the cited verse

The reader can then either
- read the original verse by skipping brackets,OR
- read the original verse WITH the Rashi comments

This method of presentation allows the Rashi comments
to FLOW more naturally.

Gn31-41a states
----------------------------------------------
Thus have I,Jacob, been twenty years in your house;
I served you fourteen years for your two daughters,
and six years for your cattle;
and you have CHANGED MY WAGES 10 TIMES [as discussed
in more detail at Gn31-07:08 which states
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
And your father has deceived me,
and CHANGED MY WAGES TEN TIMES;
but God did not allow him to hurt me.
If he said thus,
The speckled shall be your wages;
then all the cattle bore speckled;
and if he said thus,
The striped shall be your hire;
then all the cattle bore striped.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -]
-----------------------------------------------


LIST210u summarizes the above examples, provides
further detail and lists other examples of verse
pairs with one verse illuminating an OTHER VERSE

List of verses pairs     with one verse illuminating another
LIST210u CONTINUES LIST210a and lists LIST210v-LIST210z

SUCCINCT SUMMARY
----------------
One of Rashis 10 main goals was the resolution of
contradictions. These contradictions typically arise
from two verses stating contradictory things.
We call this the RASHI RULE OF CONTRADICTION.

Rashi had three methods to resolve contradiction. If
the CONTRADICTION could be resolved by viewing the
contradictory verses as two aspects of the same item then
we employ the TWO ASPECTS method of resolution. If
the CONTRADICTION could be resolved by viewing the
contradictory verses as two stages of the same process then
we employ the TWO STAGES submethod. Finally if the
CONTRADICTION could be resolved by retranslating the verses
using broader or more literal meanings then we use the
BROAD-LITERAL submethod.

EXAMPLE Gn21-15a
-------------------------
Note the CONTRADICTION in the following verses

Gn21-14 states--Abraham sent her with [enough]water
Gn21-15 states--The water ran out

We see the CONTRADICTION. Which is it? Did he
give her enough water or not?


Rashi resolves this using the 2 ASPECTS method
of resolution.
-----------------------------------------
- Abraham gave her enough water for a HEALTHY person
- But Ishamel was SICK and hence the water ran out
-----------------------------------------

Note, the Biblical text itself does not say that
Ishmael was sick. However Rashi introduces this
distinction to resolve the apprarent CONTRADICTION

Note also that Rashi interprets
---------------------------------
Abraham gave her water
---------------------------------

to mean
---------------------------------
Abraham gave her ENOUGH water
---------------------------------

This too is an example of a reasonable
supposition.

LIST510b below gives other examples of CONTRADICTORY
verses resolved thru TWO ASPECTS

List of verses with      Contradiction resolved by 2 cases
LIST510b continues LIST510a

SUCCINCT SUMMARY
----------------
All Rashis clarify the meaning of a verse.
Most Rashis clarify the meaning of verses by
- explaining MEANING including SYMBOLIC meaning
- using GRAMMAR of verbs, sentences or FORMATTING
- using GRAMMAR of paragraphs (STYLE), or
- comparisons with OTHER VERSES including ALIGNMENTS,
CONTRADICTORY VERSES, DATABASE inquiries

If however Rashi clarifies the meaning of a verse
- by making reasonable background assumptions
- add computations or
- exhibiting diagrams
then we say Rashi has used the SPREADSHEET method.
The term SPREADSHEET typically refers to COMPUTATIONAL
clarifications--we however have used it to refer to
any type of NON-VERSE clarification.

Todays examples illustrate the above.

EXAMPLE 1: Gn24-08a
-------------------
At Gn24-08 we find the following dialog
- Abraham requests that his son not marry a CANAANITE
- Eliezer points out that Labans family may not consent to marry
- Abraham insists that even so, no CANAANITE marriage

Rashi comments
-------------------------------------------
FOR EXAMPLE: Eliezer could obtain
a wife from the daughters of Anayr, Eshcol
and Mamre who aided Abraham in his military
efforts to free his nephew
-------------------------------------------

Here Rashi uses the SPREADSHEET method. Rashi
does NOT derive from the Biblical text that
Abraham wanted Eliezer to seek a wife from Anayr
Eshcol and Mamre. Rather as a matter of plausible
logic if Isaac could not find a wife
- from the Canaanites (not allowed to look)
- nor from Laban (if he didn't want it)
- Then the next logical place to look would be
the daughters of Anayr Eshkol and Mamre

LIST690z below presents other Rashis using the
SPREADSHEET METHOD

List of Rashis comments a)By CONSEQUENCE b)Computation,c)Diagram
LIST690z continues LIST690a

Lighting summary of Rashis with emphasis on Rashi rules*10