13 Methods for inferring meaning:#21 of 32 ########################################################### # 10 YEAR Ayelet DAILY-RASHI-YOMI CYCLE # # June 20th, 2001 # # Rashis 802-807 Of 7800 (10.4%) # # # # VISIT THE RASHI YOMI ARCHIVES # # ----------------------------- # # http://www.RashiYomi.Com/calendar.htm # # # # Reprinted with permission from Rashi-is-Simple, # # (c) 1999-Present, RashiYomi Inc., Dr Hendel President # #Permission to reprint with this header but not for profit# # # # WARNING: READ with COURIER 10 (Fixed width) FONTS # # # ########################################################### --------------------------------------- This posting is twice the usual length and has twice the usual # of Rashis. So it will hold for 2 days. I am therefore posting it 2 days. It is however one unit and therefore I am not posting it in halves. TODAY I AM BRINGING IN SOME COMMENTS THAT I RECEIVED FROM YESTERDAY My Shomrey Emunah Rashi class suggested that a proper translation of DBH might be * MURMUR * CHATTER * CONVERSATIONAL * INFORMAL * GRUMBLING * IMPULSIVE TALK I also bring some further support from acharonim for my views on Rashis translation. --------------------------------------- GOALS: ------ I decided its time for a longer unit. This unit will focus on a major Rashi task--explaining the MEANINGS OF WORDS. Explaining the MEANINGS of WORDS is more than looking something up in a dictionary. There are METHODS to explaining WORDS. Thus in this module we will explore HOW Rashi determines the meanings of words -- that is, we will explore WHAT RASHIS METHODS ARE TODAYS UNIT ----------- Today we review a fascinating example showing how Rashi derived a dictionary meaning in all detail from only a few verses. We also see Rashis method for extracting nuances of words. Rashi uses the powerful method of CONTEXT & SYNONYMS. We will also review controversies of the Rishonim on these matters. REFERENCE: ---------- This module comes from the following reference in the Rashi-is-Simple series. http://www.RashiYomi.Com/h10n15.htm #*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2001, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*# EXAMPLE 53: Gn37-02e DBH means MURMUR EXAMPLE 54: Gn37-02f DBH means MURMUR EXMAPLE 55: Nu14-36a DBH means MURMUR EXAMPLE 56: Nu14-36b DBH means MURMUR EXAMPLE 57: Dt33-25b DBA means AGE OF MURMURING (Old age) EXAMPLE 58: Dt01-27a RGN means PARANOIC TALK BACKGROUND: THE METHOD OF CONTEXT & SYNONYMS -------------------------------------------- CONTEXT AND SYNONYMS is a powerful technique by which to ascertain the precise meanings of words that occur only a few times. The general technique consists of -1st identifying a GENERAL IDEA from the context or dictionary -then use context & similar words to identify SPECIFIC NUANCES The Hebrew roots DBH, DBA, RGN is a classic example. DBH occurs in 9 verses and only 6 distinct contexts. RGN also occurs only 6 distinct times in the Bible. Let us see how Rashi analyzes their meaning. STEP 1: GET THE GENERAL IDEA -- IN THIS CASE IT IS speech --------------------------------------------------------- VERSE TEXT OF VERSE WITH dbh TRANSLATED AS talk ======= ====================================================== Gn37-02 Joseph brought bad TALK about them to his father Nu13-32 The spies released TALK ABOUT ISRAEL that it was bad Jr20-10 For I have heard the TALK of the multitudes Song7-10 Your palate like good wine to a lover, TALK in sleep Prv25-10 Dont slander lest you make up & cant retract your TALK VERSE TEXT OF VERSE WITH rgn TRANSLATED AS bad talk ======== ====================================================== Prv18-8 The words of a BAD TALKER are like swords Dt01-27 You SPOKE BADLY ..you said God hated you Prv16-28 BAD TALK separates the teacher Prv26-20 with no BAD TALK the fight will subside Isa29-24 Fools will learn understanding and BAD TALKERS, ethics STEP 2: FIND APPROPRIATE NUANCES FOR EACH TYPE OF SPEECH -------------------------------------------------------- HEBREW ROOT MEANING TALK NUANCE OF THIS ROOT ======================== =================== AMR Speak DVR Cite DVV Chatter RGN Paranoia LOTz Mockery LShN Slander RChL Gossip The ultimate test of these nuances is CONTEXT. Does it FIT just right? Does it RING properly? Judge for yourself. Here are the exact same verses as above. Feel the flow and punchiness of the translations ------------------------- DVH=CHATTER (vs just talk) ------------------------- and ------------------------- RGN=Paranoia ------------------------- VERSE TEXT OF VERSE WITH dbh TRANSLATED AS murmur ======== ====================================================== Gn37-02 Joseph CHATTERED badly about them to his father Nu13-32 The spies released a CHATTER that Israel was bad Jr20-10 For I have heard the CHATTER of the multitudes Song7-10 Your palate like good wine to a lover,MURMERS in sleep Prv25-10 Dont slander lest you cant retract your CHATTERINGS VERSE TEXT OF VERSE WITH rgn TRANSLATED AS paranoia ======= =================================================== Prv18-8 The words of a PARANOIC person are like swords Dt01-27 You SPOKE PARANOICALLY ..you said God hated you Prv16-28 PARANOIA separates the teacher Prv26-20 with no PARANOIA the fight will subside Isa29-24 Fools will learn understanding;the PARANOID,ethics Again the ultimate test of these nuances are how they FIT the verses. The footnotes below, *1, *2, *3 document how Rashi actually made these translations (DBH=Murmur etc) A small comment on other approaches to DBH by other Rishonim is mentioned in footnote *4 -------------------------- NOTES ---------------------------- *1 Here is my evidence that Rashi translated DBH as CHATTER: --On Gn37-02e and Gn37-02f Rashi states that DBH is saying EVERYTHING you can (A CHATTER) --On Nu14-36a Rashi states that DBH denotes any type of HABITUAL TALK (=CHATTER!) whether for good or bad I was supported in this by the Silverstein Chumash which translates Rashi on Nu14-36a based on the identical phrase in Jer23-31. As the Metzudath Tzion says on Jer21-31 the Rashi phrase MALKICHIM LESHONAM means MAKE A SPEECH HABIT --Rashi on Gn37-02e and Nu14-36a brings Song7-11 THE MURMURS OF THE LIPS OF SLEEPING PEOPLE to prove that MURMUR need not be bad. In summary Rashi defines DBH as a ----------------------------------------------------- HABITUAL TALK of EVERYTHING whether for GOOD OR BAD ----------------------------------------------------- In other words DBH, according to Rashi, means CHATTER. For the Rashis on Dt33-25b see footnote #3 *2 I have no internal evidence that Rashi believes that RGN means PARANOIA -- all he says on Dt01-27a is that it is slanderous. However PARANOIA does fit the verses nicely (the argument of CONTEXT). Furthermore Rashi believed in the 2-letter theories and as the list below shows RGN means a DEFENSIVE (GNN) SPIRIT(RUACH) or paranoia ------------------------------------------------------------ RGN (Paranoia) means a GNN(Defensive) RUACH (Spirit) RGZ (Anger) means a GZZ(Cutting) RUACH (Spirit) RMS (Stomping) means a MSS(Despising) RUACH (Spirit) RZM (Flirting eyes) means a ZMM(Lewd) RUACH (Spirit) RDM (Sleepy) means a RDM(Quiet) RUACH (Spirit) ------------------------------------------------------------ *3 We have left to Explain Dt33-25b. This is the only time in the Bible that DVA occurs with an ALEPH vs a HEY. Such ALEPH appendages to words do happen. Rashi suggests 2 possible explanations EXPLANATION 1 ------------- DVA = OLD AGE = The age when you CHATTER (You ooze out speech) So Dt33-25 would be translated MAY YOUR AGE OF CHATTERING (OLD AGE) BE AS SUCCESSFUL AS YOUR GOOD YEARS (MIDDLE AGE) EXPLANATION 2 ------------- DVA = The MURMURINGS of nations to place COMMERCE in Israel. So Dt33-25 would mean MAY THE CHATTERINGS OF YOUR SURROUNDING COUNTRIES BE AS GOOD AS YOUR GOOD YEARS Note that according to Explanation 2, DVA would not mean CHATTERING per se but rather it would refer to the CHATTERINGS THAT OTHERS MAKE ABOUT YOU (i.e. your personal CHATTERS --- thus this would be consistent with the Rashi-Hirsch view that ALEPH as a root letter denotes something personal) *4 RDACK and RAMBAN seem only to use STEP 1 of our analysis. They both hold that DBH is speech WITHOUT further nuances. They suggest (With no list to back them up) that BRINGING DBH is SAYING TRUTH while LETTING OUT DBH is SAYING FALSEHOOD. Thus the controversy between Rashi and Radack-Ramban might be one of method. Rashi might hold that we are justified in seeking nuances of words EVEN when they only occur rarely in half a dozen verses. By contrast the RDACK and RAMBAN may be more conservative holding that all we can infer from context is the GENERAL IDEA without nuances. #*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2001, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#