Volume 90 Number 1






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             - GRAND SUMMARY -
             - GRAND SUMMARY -
             - GRAND SUMMARY -
             -----------------







GOALS
=====
This series deals with HOW Rashi INFERS the meaning of words.
As a simple example the enigmatic TOHU VAVOHU In Gn01-02 is
parallel to the word DARKNESS. HENCE, using the METHOD of
PARALLEL structure I infer that TOHU VAVOHU means DARKNESS
and confusion. Thus we will speak about the METHOD of
PARALLEL STRUCTURE. Rashi frequently uses this to infer
meaning.

There are actually half a dozen main methods which divide
into 13 rules.  We now present an overview of the 6/13 main
methods with examples. A complete list of examples will be
presented below. (We hope from time to time to update this
page as this is a major Rashi method).






THE 6 MAIN METHODS BY WHICH RASHI INFERS MEANING
 

We present below a short list of methods by which Rashi infers
meaning. There are 6 main methods.

The footnotes break up some of these main methods. In total
we have 13 methods. Which are more fully elaborated on in
the footnotes

A more complete list of examples is then presented in the
Example section
METHOD VERSE EXAMPLE

Expert Dt18-10b KOSAYM=Hypnotic spell(Restricting(Ksyth)artery*1
Grammar Lv16-04c TzNF(Put on a turban)=ALOT(Nun) of Overlay(Tzf*2
Grammar Lv13-49a ADMDM = Intense (Double -DM DM) Red(ADM)*3
Grammar Dt28-42a YRSH=Inherit(in Hifil),Conquer(In Kal),Poor *4
Grammar Nu04-13b To Dust= REMOVE Dust(cf To Flower=MAKE flower)*5
Grammar Dt01-15d MASTER=Master Chef, French Chef,Chef of a 100*6
Phrase Nu03-4a ON THE FACE = during the lifetime *7
Form Gn01-02a TOHU(Confusion) parallels DARKNESS(Choshch) *8
Special Nu02-03a East=FACE(kedem):West=BACK:South=RIGHT(Tayman*9
Verse Gn37-02e DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk*10
Verse Ex28-04a Choshen=a small colored dress ornament*11
Verse Ex28-04e Place the MTZNEFET on HEAD===>MITZNEFET=Hat*12
Verse Dt28-40a NhSHal means SLIP not  REMOVE/FALL *13

COMMENTS

*1 EXPERT TESTIMONY METHOD:
   In this method meaning is inferred
   from experts in another field. As an example the
   ---root of KOSAYM means to RESTRICT;but artery restriction
      is one (very dangerous) method of hypnotic induction
   ---the Rambam (& Rashi, following the Sifrah) identifies
      in idolatry 11, the prohibtion of Kosaym with a list
      of activities that the EXPERTS tell us are the means
      for inducing hypnosis. The Rambam-Rashi-Sifrah methods
      include RHYTHMIC TAPPING, MIRROR GAZING etc.
   Thus this method relies on EXPERT testimony to infer a
   meaning. From this expert testimony we learn the meaning
   of the BIblical prohibition of disassociation to other
   personalities by means of hypnotic induction.

*2 GRAMMAR: LETTER ROOT MEANING:
   We have divided GRAMMAR into 5 separate submethods.
   One method was the method of LETTER-ROOT-MEANING. Rashi
   did believe in the 3 letter root theory which we all use
   today. But Rashi also believed that every 3 letter root
   could be decomposed into smaller 1/2 letter roots which give
   its meaning.

   For example Rashi believed that NUN means ALOT. Since TZUF
   means to OVERLAY it follows that the root TZNAF (composed
   of a NUN and TZF) means TO OVERLAY A LOT. This clicks
   properly since TZNAF means to put on a turban which is
   done by winding it around the head.

   Many people are skeptical of Rashis two letter theories.
   I had completely worked out the whole language about
   20 years ago but no one wanted to publish it. In this
   issue I give many examples so that the reader will see
   its a serious theory.

*3 GRAMMAR: DOUBLING
   ADAM means RED. ADAMDAM means INTENSE RED(ie not pinkish)

*4 GRAMMAR: ROOTS or ROOTS + PREPOSITION
   Thus the root Y-R-Sh means
   --To CONQUER in the HIFIL mode
   --to INHERIT in the kal mode
   --POVERTY as a noun
   Thus the meaning depends on which grammaticl mode is used
   In a similar manner meaning can depend on which PREPOSITION
   IS USED with the verb. For example KRA EL means TO PAGE
   WHile KRA ETH means TO INVITE/SUMMON.

*5 GRAMMAR: SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATIONS:
   There are 3 ways for an OBJECT to become an activity
   --TO MAKE the object (eg to flower)
   --TO USE the object (Eg to hammer)
   --TO REMOVE the object (eg to dust)

*6 GRAMMAR: SENTENCE USAGE:
   For example the word SAR means MASTER. It however can be
   used in 3 ways
   ---MASTER CHEF       WHAT you are master of
   ---FRENCH CHEF       WHERE you are from
   ---MASTER OF A 100   HOW MANY you supervise

*7 PHRASES:
   The words ON, THE, and FACE each have distinct meanings
   The phrase ON THE FACE has a new meaning--it means DURING
   THE LIFETIME. The phrase occurs 4-5 times in the Bible (in
   reference to humans) and Rashi says this on each verse

*8 PARALLEL FORM: Gn01-02 reads
   --------------------------------------------
   The earth     was TOHU VAVOHU
   on  the deep  was DARKNESS
   --------------------------------------------
   Using the method of PARALLEL FORM I infer that TOHU VAVOHU
   means something like DARKNESS or CONFUSION

*9 SPECIAL WORDS:
   For example the compass positions are a
   special set of words. How are they to be named
   ---FACE means EAST (Because you face the sun)
   ---BACK means WEST (when you FACE east, WEST is in BACK)
   ---RIGHT means SOUTH(When you FACE East, SOUTH is on RIGHT)

*10 VERSE: SYNONYM-NUANCES
    The VERSE method requires the reader to review other
    verses where this word occurs. We have divided this
    method into 4 submethods. This method is very very
    powerful

    One application of VERSES is to review how synonyms
    are used. This enriches our understanding of them.
    For example the following words all mean TO TALK
    --DBR
    --DBH
    --DBA
    --GRN
    If we dont look at other verses we think of these
    words as synonyms. By looking at other verses we
    obtain the precise nuances of these words. Here
    is what Rashi says
    --DBR Talk
    --DBH Chatter
    --DBA Chatter about me
    --GRN Paranoic grumbling

*11 VERSES--PROPERTIES
    In this method we use other verses to find PROPERTIES
    of an object. Take the CHOSHEN GARMENT. We see that
    --it is embroidered from gold, azure,pink (Ex28-15)
    --it is 9 inches by 9 inches (Ex28-16)
    --it is linked by chains and worn on chest(Ex28-25,27)
    Hence Rashi calls the CHOSHEN a GARMENT ORNAMENT or a
    GARMENT TRINKET. Rashi here used the method of REVIEWING
    OTHER VERSES TO FIND PROPERTIES

*12 VERSES--ONE VERSE LINK
    Sometimes just ONE OTHER VERSE will clarify a usage. For
    example, Lv08-09 says HE PLACED THE MITZNEFET on his
    head. Hence, I infer that the MITZNEFET was a HAT.

    In this case I used ONE OTHER VERSE to make an inference.

*13 VERSES - SYNONYM CONFUSION
    In this method I review other verses with a word to dispel
    a common conception of translation. For example many
    English translations translate NHSHAL as TO REMOVE or
    TO FALL. A close examination of verses shows it means TO SLIP
    ---Dt28-40 when your olives SLIP from the tree
    ---Dt18-05 when an ax-head SLIPS from the ax & kills someone







REFERENCE:
----------
This module comes from numerous modules in the Rashi-is-Simple
series. Those who wish to review more postings are invited
to visit http://www.RashiYomi.Com/calendar.htm. Each unit of
the MEANS series has references.






#*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2001, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#







BACKGROUND
----------
This unit discusses HOW RASHI INFERS MEANING. There are
6 methods which break up into 13 submethods. They are all
presented in the introduction. We now review about 100 Rashi
examples illustrating these methods.

This list is by no means complete. We hope to update it from
time to time since it is a major Rashi issue.










EXPERT TESTIMONY METHOD
 

Rashi infers meaning from Expert Testimony.
In this method meaning is inferred
from experts in another field. As an example the
---root of KOSAYM means to RESTRICT;but artery restriction
is one (very dangerous) method of hypnotic induction
---the Rambam (& Rashi, following the Sifrah) identifies
in idolatry 11, the prohibtion of Kosaym with a list
of activities that the EXPERTS tell us are the means
for inducing hypnosis. The Rambam-Rashi-Sifrah methods
include RHYTHMIC TAPPING, MIRROR GAZING etc.
Thus this method relies on EXPERT testimony to infer a
meaning

Many of the witchcraft prohibitions can be similarly justified
For example there are technical methods of weaving word-spells
that affect the target victim subliminally. Rambam in Laws of
Idolatry Chapter 11 goes into more detail. Here are the Rashis
METHOD VERSE RASHI

Expert Dt18-11a CHOVER(Witchcraft) = weaves(CVR) Spells
Expert Dt18-11c OV=Spell speaking  thru hollow(OV=bottle)armpit*
Expert Dt18-11d YIDONI(Witch)=Knows(YDA) future thru Spells*1
Expert Dt18-10d NACASH=Psychosis*2
Expert Dt18-10b KOSAYM=Hypnotic spell(Restricting(Ksyth) artery
Expert Dt18-10c ONAYN=Magic=Deceives EYE(ONAYN)*3

COMMENTS

*1 OV and YIDONI refer to hypnotic disassociation to enter
   other personalities. Each witchcraft method has a specific
   method of induction

*2 NACASH refers to a psychotic person who believes reality
   communicates symbolically (e.g. a black snake crossed my
   path AND HENCE I will have bad luck). (The etymology
   comes from SNAKE, who senses by heat not by vision.
   Similarly the psychotic person senses by symbols instead
   of reality)

*3 ONAYN also refers to ASTROLOGY--basing life events on
   the TIMES of astral events (The root of ONAYN could either
   be AYIN (eye) or ONH (Time) from which we get the two
   prohibitions


















GRAMMAR - ROOT LETTER MEANING
 

We have divided GRAMMAR into 5 separate submethods.
One method was the method of LETTER-ROOT-MEANING. Rashi
did believe in the 3 letter root theory which we all use
today. But Rashi also believed that every 3 letter root
could be decomposed into smaller 1/2 letter roots which give
its meaning.

For example Rashi believed that NUN means ALOT. Since TZUF
means to OVERLAY it follows that the root TZNAF (composed
of a NUN and TZF) means TO OVERLAY A LOT. This clicks
properly since TZNAF means to put on a turban which is
done by winding it around the head.

Many people are skeptical of Rashis two letter theories.
I had completely worked out the whole language about
20 years ago but no one wanted to publish it. In this
issue I give many examples so that the reader will see
its a serious theory.

Please see the footnotes *1 and *2 for examples where
NUN and MEM have specific meaning.

METHOD VERSE RASHI

Grammar Lv13-06b Mispacath = SOURCE(MEM) of GROWTH(Ysf)
Grammar Lv13-51a MMER =SOURCE(MEM) of Curse(ARH)
Grammar Ex25-08a MIKDASH(Temple)=Source(MEM) of Holiness(KDSH)
Grammar Dt33-13b MGeD = SOURCE(Mem) Of SWEETNESS(Gd)
Grammar Gn02-11a PISHON(nile)=Produces ALOT OF(Nun) FLAX(Pshtn)
Grammar Gn02-13a GICHON(river)=ALOT OF (Nun) GORING NOISE(GCh)
Grammar Gn11-32b CHARAN=ALOT(Nun) of Anger(CRH) in world*3
Grammar Dt32-10f EYSHUN(eye pupil)=MUCH(Nun) REDNESS(Aysh)
Grammar Lv16-04c TzNF(Put on a turban)=ALOT(Nun) of Overlay(Tzf

COMMENTS


*1
 The following LIST contains a variety of Hebrew roots,
 containing the letter MEM, which means SOURCE or PLACE*z
---------------------------------------------------------------
#    WORD    MEANING      ETYMOLOGY USING MM=PLACE
---------------------------------------------------------------

(1)  MZBaCh  Altar        Place (M) of Sacrifice (TVCh)
(2)  MShKN   House-Palace Place (M) where you dwell (Schan)
(3)  MREH    Mirror       Place (M) of Sight     (RAH)
(4)  MGDOL   Tower        Place (M) that is tall ( GDL)
(5)  MKDSH   Temple       Place (M) of Holiness (KDSH)*a
(6)  MSPCH   Skin Growth  Place (M) where added skin is forming*b
(7)  M-L-Ch  King*e       Source(MEM) of a nations walkings(HLCh)
(8)  M-S-R   Turn over to Source(MEM) of Departing from (S-V-R)
(9)  M-Tz-DH Cave(?)      Source(MEM) of Hunting (Tz-Y-D) *f
(10) M-R-D   Rebellion    Source(MEM) of Downfall(R-D)
(11) M-D-N   Municipality Place(MEM) where Laws hold(D-Y-N)*g*h
(12) SFM     Mustache     On Place (M) of Mouth*g
(13) MGD     SWEET        Source(M) of Sweetness*c*g
(14) M-A-N   Refusal      Source(MEM) of    nothing(A-Y-N)*g
(15) M-A-R   ThornPain    Its Source(MEM) is  plucking(A-R-H)*i*g
(16) M-D-A   Why?         Source(MEM) for Knowledge(Y-D-A)*g
(17) M-T-R   Dew          Source(MEM) of Pussiness (T-R-H) *d *g
(18) M-Tz-R  Gates        Source(MEM) of Bundling(Tz-R-R) *f

*z In some of these examples the M+ROOT and the ROOT
have almost the same meaning (in other words we have lost
knowledge of the nuances differentiating them).

*a Ex25-08a. Note Rashi simply says that TEMPLE IS A
   HOUSE OF HOLINESS. However Silberstein in his Chumash
   sees in this Rashi the use of the principle of MEM=PLACE
   and gives several examples.

*b Again Rashi on Lv13-06b simply says that MISPACHATH is a
   RITUALLY PURE AFFLICTION. But the etymology of--
   MiSPaChaTH = PLACE (M) OF A GROWTH (YSF)-- seems a
   reasonable description of a skin affliction that is
   ritually impure

*c The two-letter Hebrew root GAD can specifically refer to a
   CORIANDER SEED or to something SWEET/BEAUTIFUL (Cf its usage
   in Nu11-08 and Gn30-11). It is a rare word with multiple
   meanings and hence its meaning is difficult to pinpoint.

   From Gn30-11 it seems to mean SWEET so that MEGED would
   also mean SWEET or else a SWEET PLACE (e.g. a SWEET MEADOW)
   (Cf Rashi Dt33-13b)

*d That is the dew creates the "pussy like" texture in the
morning

*e This etymology, MLCh = MoLiCh (KING=The Walker) is due to
Rav Hirsch who sees the King as LEADING (=walking!!!) the
people and guiding them.

*f That is the MTzuDaH is the source or hangout from which
you can hunt (it wouldn't exactly be a cave but rather an
ambush grounds)

*g There is an element of poetic lisence in some of these
etymologies. For example THE MUNCIPALITY is not the SOURCE
of LAWS but the SOURCE/PLACE where LAWS hold; WHY is not the
SOURCE of KNOWLEDGE but the VEHICLE to get knowledge from
its source; DEW is not the SOURCE OF PUSSINESS but the SOURCE
of the PUSSY LIKE APPEARANCE in the morning; GATES create
borders and APPEAR to BUNDLE up the city. Similary MGD is not
a source of GD seeds but a source of things as sweet as GD
seeds.

*h That is laws hold over the domain of the municipality
(Outside the municipality they do not hold)

*i Rashi on Lv13-51a--states A CURSED THORN (so this
   etymology would be almost explicit in Rashi) The word
   MAR like ARH means to CURSE and would correspond to
   the type of SHARP PAIN that comes from plucking a thorn






*2 Roots illustrating the meanings of NUN
   When NUN occurs as a first letter it means ALOT
   When NUN occurs as a second letter it means LIKE

---------------------------------------------------------------
#   WORD    ENG MEANING  = ALOT   (NUN) MEANING          ROOT
---------------------------------------------------------------
(4) PaaMN   (Bell Claver)= Alot of(Nun) Hammering        (PAAM)
(5) KoRBN   (Sacrifice)  = Intense(Nun) Closeness to God (KRV)
(6) ShlChaN (Table)      = Alot   (Nun) left out (on it) (SLCH)
(7) ZiChRN  (Memorial)   = Intense(Nun) Memory           (ZCR)
(8) YERIVUN (Fist Fight) = Intense(Nun) Dispute          (RV)
AaNaPh (anger)          = Nun (like)    APh          (anger)*b
AaNaSh (Person)         = Nun (like)    ISh          (Person)*b
ChaNaF (Flatter)        = Nun (like a)  ChF          (Cover up)
AaNaCh (we)             = Nun (like)    ACh          (Brothers)
ZaNaK  (Leap)           = Nun (like a)  ZeeK         (Spark)
KaNaF  (Wing)           = Nun (Like a)  CaF          (hand)
TzANaF (Put on clothes) = Nun (like an) TzuF         (Overlay)*c
GaNaV  (Thief)          = Nun (like)    GaV          (Clefts)*d
GaNaZ  (Hide)           = Nun (like)    GayZ         (Shearings*e

*b In these examples the root with and without the NUN has
   the same meaning

*c Rashi simply says that TzaNaF means to PUT TO REST.

   But our point is that the Hebrew Tzanaf doesnt just mean
   to PUT TO REST but more specifically it means to OVERLAY
   as in putting on a turban or putting on clothes.

   Thus by using the two letter roots we gain more insight
   into both the meaning and believability of Rashi(Lv16-04c)

*d A thief (vs a robber) enters steathily sort of like
   thru clefts and holes.

   I should mention that the other
   meanings of the Hebrew GaV also have a connotation of
   pits/clefts/bumpy surface: e.g. Cheese, mountains,
   human back (which looks cleft like because of the vertebrae)

*e This root is usually used to denote hiding treasures which
   the Hebrew equates with a procedure that is sort of like
   covering with shearings




*3 The Rashi on Gn11-32b has led to the greatest confusion.
   Rashi refers to the TERMINAL NUN on Charan as the
   HURRICANE NUN (meaning that the NUN signifies ALOT).

   However some commentators interpreted the Hebrew phrase
   NUN HAPHUCAH literally. Literally NUN HAPUCHAH means
   the OVERTURNED NUN. The word OVERTURNED can refer to
   a HURRICANE that OVERTURNS. OR, it can refer to an
   upside down NUN (Which is also overturned).

   Thus some commentators erroneously thought that Rashis
   Sefer Torah had upside down Nuns next to the word Charan.

   I assure you that this is rediculous. The Mesorah was very
   careful to preserve every oddity in the Torah. If there
   were overturned nuns by Charan then the Mesorah would have
   so indicated (which it does not).

   Therefore the simple meaning of the Rashi is that the
   NUN is the MUCHNESS NUN (the HURRICANE NUN) and indicates
   that there was MUCH anger in the world until Charans
   time when Abraham came.















GRAMMAR METHOD--USE OF DOUBLING
 

In this method Rashi infers the meaning of words whose
root letters have been doubled. Here is an example
--ADAM means RED.
--ADAMDAM means INTENSE RED(ie not pinkish)*1

METHOD VERSE RASHI

Grammar Lv13-49a ADMDM = Intense (Double -DM DM) Red(ADM)
Grammar Ex16-33a TZINTZENET(Thermos)=Intense(TznTzn) Cold(TzNH)
Grammar Lv13-49b YRKRK=Intense (Double-RK RK) Green(YRK)

COMMENTS

*1 The Ibn Ezra on Lv13-49 appears to disagree. However Ibn Ezra
   retracted in Ps45.  Actually all the Ibn Ezra was doing was
   repeating sharp questions he had heard. After reviewing the
   examples we see that the only hard verse occurs in Songs1-6
   which speaks about the womens TAN(SCHARCHORET)

   Now TAN appears as a WEAKER form of SCHCHOR(BLACK)

   But SHACHOR can mean BOTH black and dawn. So if we translate
   SCHARCHORET as DawnDawn we can think of an intensely DAWNED
   person as being TANNED.












GRAMMAR: ROOT + PREPOSITION METHOD
 

GRAMMAR: ROOTS or ROOTS + PREPOSITION
Everyone knows that 3 letter roots have meanings.
In this method Rashi determines meaning based on PREPOSITION
and GRAMMATICAL MODE USED. Here is a simple example

The root Y-R-Sh means
--To CONQUER in the HIFIL mode
--to INHERIT in the kal mode
--POVERTY as a noun
Thus the meaning depends on which grammaticl mode is used
In a similar manner meaning can depend on which PREPOSITION
IS USED with the verb. For example KRA TO means TO PAGE
WHile KRA ETH means TO INVITE/SUMMON.
METHOD VERSE RASHI

Grammar Dt28-42a YRSH=Inherit(in Hifil),Conquer(In Kal),Poor
Grammar Dt28-42b YRSH=Inherit(in Hifil),Conquer(In Kal),Poor
Grammar Dt28-42c YRSH=Inherit(in Hifil),Conquer(In Kal),Poor








GRAMMAR - SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATIONS
 

GRAMMAR: SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATIONS:
There are 3 ways for an OBJECT to become an activity
--TO MAKE the object (eg to flower)
--TO USE the object (Eg to hammer)
--TO REMOVE the object (eg to dust)
I refer to these methods as SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATIONS.
It is the method by which an OBJECT(noun) becomes an
ACTIVITY (verb). Rashis job is to clarify WHICH
semantic transformation is being used.
METHOD VERSE RASHI

Grammar Nu04-13b To Dust= REMOVE Dust
Grammar Ex16-20b To Worm=To PRODUCE Worms









WORD USAGE METHOD
 

For example the word SAR means MASTER. It however can be
used in 3 ways
---MASTER CHEF       WHAT you are master of
---FRENCH CHEF       WHERE you are from
---MASTER OF A 100   HOW MANY you supervise

Thus Rashi clarifies HOW words are used thru other their
usage in other verses
METHOD VERSE RASHI

Grammar Dt01-15d Master:3 usages: Master Chef,French Chef,Chef100
Grammar Dt01-15e Master:3 usages: Master Chef,French Chef,Chef100
Grammar Ex18-21e Master:3 usages: Master Chef,French Chef,Chef100
Grammar Ex18-21f Master:3 usages: Master Chef,French Chef,Chef100
Grammar Ex18-21g Master:3 usages: Master Chef,French Chef,Chef100
Grammar Ex18-21h Master:3 usages: Master Chef,French Chef,Chef100











THE WHOLE PHRASE METHOD
 

The words ON, THE, and FACE each have distinct meanings
The phrase ON THE FACE has a new meaning--it means DURING
THE LIFETIME. The phrase occurs 4-5 times in the BIble (in
reference to humans) and Rashi says this on each verse

Thus in this method Rashi gives the meaning of WHOLE PHRASE
which may differ from the meaning of each of its words
METHOD VERSE RASHI

Phrase Nu03-4a ON THE FACE = during the lifetime
Phrase Nu03-4a ON THE FACE = during the lifetime
Phrase Dt05-07a ON THE FACE = during the lifetime
Phrase Gn11-28a ON THE FACE = during the lifetime
Phrase Gn11-28a ON THE FACE = during the lifetime
Phrase Ex20-03c ON THE FACE = during the lifetime
Phrase Lv13-19a REDDISH WHITE-->Not Pink but red-white streaks
Phrase Lv13-39a WEAK WHITE means Pale-white







PARALLEL SENTENCE FORM METHOD
 

PARALLEL FORM: Gn01-02 reads
------------------------------
The earth     was TOHU VAVOHU
on  the deep  was DARKNESS
------------------------------
Using the method of PARALLEL FORM I infer that TOHU VAVOHU
means something like DARKNESS or CONFUSION

METHOD VERSE RASHI

Form Gn01-02a TOHU(Confusion) parallels DARKNESS(Choshch)
Form Gn01-02b TOHU(Confusion) parallels DARKNESS(Choshch)
Form Gn01-02c TOHU(Confusion) parallels DARKNESS(Choshch)











SPECIAL WORDS
 

How are special classes of words named?
For example the compass positions are a
special set of words. How are they to be named?
---FACE means EAST (Because you face the sun)
---BACK means WEST (when you FACE east, WEST is in BACK)
---RIGHT means SOUTH(When you FACE East, SOUTH is on RIGHT)

METHOD VERSE RASHI

Special Nu02-03a East=FACE(kedem):West=BACK:South=RIGHT(Tayman)
Special Ex27-13a East=FACE(kedem):West=BACK:South=RIGHT(Tayman)
Special Nu34-15a East=FACE(kedem):West=BACK:South=RIGHT(Tayman)








VERSES - SYNONYM NUANCE METHOD
 

One application of VERSES is to review how synonyms
are used. This enriches our understanding of them.
For example the following words all mean TO TALK
--DBR
--DBH
--DBA
--GRN
If we dont look at other verses we think of these
words as synonyms. By looking at other verses we
obtain the precise nuances of these words. Here
is what Rashi says
--DBR Talk
--DBH Chatter
--DBA Chatter about me
--GRN Paranoic grumbling
A review of the verses below should convince the reader
that DBH is best translated as TO CHATTER

(DBA is a very rare word so nothing definitive can be
made--for verses with RGN see Prv18-08, Dt01-27,
Prv16-28, Prv26-20, Isa29-24)

METHOD VERSE RASHI

Verse Dt33-25b DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse Dt33-25b DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse Nu14-36b DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse Nu14-36a DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse Nu14-36b DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse Gn37-02e DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse Gn37-02e DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse Gn37-02f DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse Gn37-02f DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse Dt01-27a DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse Dt01-27a DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse Ex27-19b YTD=TENT peg(hammered) vs WEAVE peg(weighs down)
Verse Ex35-18a YTD=TENT peg(hammered) vs WEAVE peg(weighs down)
Verse Gn01-22b BE FRUITFUL & MULTIPLY is normal usage!*1
Verse Gn01-22c BE FRUITFUL & MULTIPLY is normal usage!*1


COMMENTS

*1 The language BE FRUITFUL (vs BE FRUITFUL & MULTIPLY) is
   only used in 4 verses. These 4 verses all show signs
   of a hostile environment. Hence we reach the conclusion
   that
   --be FRUITFUL is stated in a hostile environment
   --be FRUTIFUL & MULTIPLY is normal usage














VERSES - PROPERTY METHOD
 

In this method we use other verses to find PROPERTIES
of an object. Take the CHOSHEN GARMENT. We see that
--it is embroidered from gold, azure,pink (Ex28-15)
--it is 9 inches by 9 inches (Ex28-16)
--it is linked by chains and worn on chest(Ex28-25,27)
Hence Rashi calls the CHOSHEN a GARMENT ORNAMENT or a
GARMENT TRINKET. Rashi here used the method of REVIEWING
OTHER VERSES TO FIND PROPERTIES

METHOD VERSE RASHI

Verse Ex28-04b AYFD=BELT-ROBE worn by riders to protect cloths*1
Verse Ex28-04a Choshen=a small colored dress ornament*2
Verse Ex14-21a SHDF=illness as wind pounds wheat;hurts growth*3
Verse Dt28-22f SHDF=illness as wind pounds wheat;hurts growth
Verse Dt28-22g SHDF=illness as wind pounds wheat;hurts growth
Verse Gn41-06a SHDF=illness as wind pounds wheat;hurts growth
Verse Gn41-06b SHDF=illness as wind pounds wheat;hurts growth
Verse Ex35-18b YTR means rope slack*4

COMMENTS

*1 See Ex28-04, 2Sam06-14, Lv08-07, Ex28-27 for justification.
*2 See Ex28-15,16,25,27 for justification
*3 See Dt28-22, 2Kings19-26, Gn41-06 for justification
*4 See Is54-02 and Jer10-20 for justification












VERSES - ONE VERSE LINK METHOD
 

Sometimes just ONE OTHER VERSE will clarify a usage. For
example, Lv08-09 says HE PLACED THE MITZNEFET on his
head. Hence, I infer that the MITZNEFET was a HAT.

In this case I used ONE OTHER VERSE to make an inference.

METHOD VERSE RASHI

Verse  Ex28-04f You BELT the AVNAYT==>AVNAYT means BELT
Verse  Ex28-04c You WEAR the MEIL====>MEIL means ROBE
Verse  Ex28-04e Place the MTZNEFET on HEAD===>MITZNEFET=Hat












THE VERSES-TO-DISPEL-SYNONYM-CONFUSION METHOD
 

In this method I review other verses with a word to dispel
a common conception of translation. For example many
English translations translate NHSHAL as TO REMOVE or
TO FALL. A close examination of verses shows it means TO SLIP
---Dt28-40 when your olives SLIP from the tree
---Dt18-05 when an ax-head SLIPS from the ax & kills someone
METHOD VERSE RASHI

Verse  Ex03-05a NhSHal means SLIP not  REMOVE/FALL
Verse  Dt07-01  NhSHal means SLIP not  REMOVE/FALL
Verse  Dt19-05b NhSHal means SLIP not  REMOVE/FALL
Verse  Dt28-40a NhSHal means SLIP not  REMOVE/FALL
Verse  Dt17-04a NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED
Verse  Dt19-03a NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED
Verse  Ex19-11a NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED
Verse  Ex19-11a NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED
Verse  Ex34-02a NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED
Verse  Ex34-02a NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED
Verse  Gn41-32  NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED
Verse  Gn41-32a NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED


#*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2001, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
#*#*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi, 2001 Inc. Dr. Hendel President #*#*#*#*#

THE 6 MAIN METHODS BY WHICH RASHI INFERS MEANING
We present below a short list of methods by which Rashi infers meaning. There are 6 main methods. The footnotes break up some of these main methods. In total we have 13 methods. Which are more fully elaborated on in the footnotes A more complete list of examples is then presented in the Example section
METHOD	VERSE	EXAMPLE
Expert	Dt18-10b	KOSAYM=Hypnotic spell(Restricting(Ksyth)artery*1
Grammar	Lv16-04c	TzNF(Put on a turban)=ALOT(Nun) of Overlay(Tzf*2
Grammar	Lv13-49a	ADMDM = Intense (Double -DM DM) Red(ADM)*3
Grammar	Dt28-42a	YRSH=Inherit(in Hifil),Conquer(In Kal),Poor *4
Grammar	Nu04-13b	To Dust= REMOVE Dust(cf To Flower=MAKE flower)*5
Grammar	Dt01-15d	MASTER=Master Chef, French Chef,Chef of a 100*6
Phrase	Nu03-4a	ON THE FACE = during the lifetime *7
Form	Gn01-02a	TOHU(Confusion) parallels DARKNESS(Choshch) *8
Special	Nu02-03a	East=FACE(kedem):West=BACK:South=RIGHT(Tayman*9
Verse	Gn37-02e	DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk*10
Verse	Ex28-04a	Choshen=a small colored dress ornament*11
Verse	Ex28-04e	Place the MTZNEFET on HEAD===>MITZNEFET=Hat*12
Verse	Dt28-40a	NhSHal means SLIP not REMOVE/FALL *13

COMMENTS
1 EXPERT TESTIMONY METHOD: In this method meaning is inferred from experts in another field. As an example the ---root of KOSAYM means to RESTRICT;but artery restriction is one (very dangerous) method of hypnotic induction ---the Rambam (& Rashi, following the Sifrah) identifies in idolatry 11, the prohibtion of Kosaym with a list of activities that the EXPERTS tell us are the means for inducing hypnosis. The Rambam-Rashi-Sifrah methods include RHYTHMIC TAPPING, MIRROR GAZING etc. Thus this method relies on EXPERT testimony to infer a meaning. From this expert testimony we learn the meaning of the BIblical prohibition of disassociation to other personalities by means of hypnotic induction. 2 GRAMMAR: LETTER ROOT MEANING: We have divided GRAMMAR into 5 separate submethods. One method was the method of LETTER-ROOT-MEANING. Rashi did believe in the 3 letter root theory which we all use today. But Rashi also believed that every 3 letter root could be decomposed into smaller 1/2 letter roots which give its meaning. For example Rashi believed that NUN means ALOT. Since TZUF means to OVERLAY it follows that the root TZNAF (composed of a NUN and TZF) means TO OVERLAY A LOT. This clicks properly since TZNAF means to put on a turban which is done by winding it around the head. Many people are skeptical of Rashis two letter theories. I had completely worked out the whole language about 20 years ago but no one wanted to publish it. In this issue I give many examples so that the reader will see its a serious theory. 3 GRAMMAR: DOUBLING ADAM means RED. ADAMDAM means INTENSE RED(ie not pinkish) 4 GRAMMAR: ROOTS or ROOTS + PREPOSITION Thus the root Y-R-Sh means --To CONQUER in the HIFIL mode --to INHERIT in the kal mode --POVERTY as a noun Thus the meaning depends on which grammaticl mode is used In a similar manner meaning can depend on which PREPOSITION IS USED with the verb. For example KRA EL means TO PAGE WHile KRA ETH means TO INVITE/SUMMON. 5 GRAMMAR: SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATIONS: There are 3 ways for an OBJECT to become an activity --TO MAKE the object (eg to flower) --TO USE the object (Eg to hammer) --TO REMOVE the object (eg to dust) 6 GRAMMAR: SENTENCE USAGE: For example the word SAR means MASTER. It however can be used in 3 ways ---MASTER CHEF WHAT you are master of ---FRENCH CHEF WHERE you are from ---MASTER OF A 100 HOW MANY you supervise 7 PHRASES: The words ON, THE, and FACE each have distinct meanings The phrase ON THE FACE has a new meaning--it means DURING THE LIFETIME. The phrase occurs 4-5 times in the Bible (in reference to humans) and Rashi says this on each verse 8 PARALLEL FORM: Gn01-02 reads -------------------------------------------- The earth was TOHU VAVOHU on the deep was DARKNESS -------------------------------------------- Using the method of PARALLEL FORM I infer that TOHU VAVOHU means something like DARKNESS or CONFUSION 9 SPECIAL WORDS: For example the compass positions are a special set of words. How are they to be named ---FACE means EAST (Because you face the sun) ---BACK means WEST (when you FACE east, WEST is in BACK) ---RIGHT means SOUTH(When you FACE East, SOUTH is on RIGHT) 10 VERSE: SYNONYM-NUANCES The VERSE method requires the reader to review other verses where this word occurs. We have divided this method into 4 submethods. This method is very very powerful One application of VERSES is to review how synonyms are used. This enriches our understanding of them. For example the following words all mean TO TALK --DBR --DBH --DBA --GRN If we dont look at other verses we think of these words as synonyms. By looking at other verses we obtain the precise nuances of these words. Here is what Rashi says --DBR Talk --DBH Chatter --DBA Chatter about me --GRN Paranoic grumbling 11 VERSES--PROPERTIES In this method we use other verses to find PROPERTIES of an object. Take the CHOSHEN GARMENT. We see that --it is embroidered from gold, azure,pink (Ex28-15) --it is 9 inches by 9 inches (Ex28-16) --it is linked by chains and worn on chest(Ex28-25,27) Hence Rashi calls the CHOSHEN a GARMENT ORNAMENT or a GARMENT TRINKET. Rashi here used the method of REVIEWING OTHER VERSES TO FIND PROPERTIES 12 VERSES--ONE VERSE LINK Sometimes just ONE OTHER VERSE will clarify a usage. For example, Lv08-09 says HE PLACED THE MITZNEFET on his head. Hence, I infer that the MITZNEFET was a HAT. In this case I used ONE OTHER VERSE to make an inference. *13 VERSES - SYNONYM CONFUSION In this method I review other verses with a word to dispel a common conception of translation. For example many English translations translate NHSHAL as TO REMOVE or TO FALL. A close examination of verses shows it means TO SLIP ---Dt28-40 when your olives SLIP from the tree ---Dt18-05 when an ax-head SLIPS from the ax & kills someone

EXPERT TESTIMONY METHOD
Rashi infers meaning from Expert Testimony. In this method meaning is inferred from experts in another field. As an example the ---root of KOSAYM means to RESTRICT;but artery restriction is one (very dangerous) method of hypnotic induction ---the Rambam (& Rashi, following the Sifrah) identifies in idolatry 11, the prohibtion of Kosaym with a list of activities that the EXPERTS tell us are the means for inducing hypnosis. The Rambam-Rashi-Sifrah methods include RHYTHMIC TAPPING, MIRROR GAZING etc. Thus this method relies on EXPERT testimony to infer a meaning Many of the witchcraft prohibitions can be similarly justified For example there are technical methods of weaving word-spells that affect the target victim subliminally. Rambam in Laws of Idolatry Chapter 11 goes into more detail. Here are the Rashis
METHOD	VERSE	RASHI
Expert	Dt18-11a	CHOVER(Witchcraft) = weaves(CVR) Spells
Expert	Dt18-11c	OV=Spell speaking thru hollow(OV=bottle)armpit*
Expert	Dt18-11d	YIDONI(Witch)=Knows(YDA) future thru Spells*1
Expert	Dt18-10d	NACASH=Psychosis*2
Expert	Dt18-10b	KOSAYM=Hypnotic spell(Restricting(Ksyth) artery
Expert	Dt18-10c	ONAYN=Magic=Deceives EYE(ONAYN)*3

COMMENTS
1 OV and YIDONI refer to hypnotic disassociation to enter other personalities. Each witchcraft method has a specific method of induction 2 NACASH refers to a psychotic person who believes reality communicates symbolically (e.g. a black snake crossed my path AND HENCE I will have bad luck). (The etymology comes from SNAKE, who senses by heat not by vision. Similarly the psychotic person senses by symbols instead of reality) *3 ONAYN also refers to ASTROLOGY--basing life events on the TIMES of astral events (The root of ONAYN could either be AYIN (eye) or ONH (Time) from which we get the two prohibitions

GRAMMAR - ROOT LETTER MEANING
We have divided GRAMMAR into 5 separate submethods. One method was the method of LETTER-ROOT-MEANING. Rashi did believe in the 3 letter root theory which we all use today. But Rashi also believed that every 3 letter root could be decomposed into smaller 1/2 letter roots which give its meaning. For example Rashi believed that NUN means ALOT. Since TZUF means to OVERLAY it follows that the root TZNAF (composed of a NUN and TZF) means TO OVERLAY A LOT. This clicks properly since TZNAF means to put on a turban which is done by winding it around the head. Many people are skeptical of Rashis two letter theories. I had completely worked out the whole language about 20 years ago but no one wanted to publish it. In this issue I give many examples so that the reader will see its a serious theory. Please see the footnotes 1 and 2 for examples where NUN and MEM have specific meaning.
METHOD	VERSE	RASHI
Grammar	Lv13-06b	Mispacath = SOURCE(MEM) of GROWTH(Ysf)
Grammar	Lv13-51a	MMER =SOURCE(MEM) of Curse(ARH)
Grammar	Ex25-08a	MIKDASH(Temple)=Source(MEM) of Holiness(KDSH)
Grammar	Dt33-13b	MGeD = SOURCE(Mem) Of SWEETNESS(Gd)
Grammar	Gn02-11a	PISHON(nile)=Produces ALOT OF(Nun) FLAX(Pshtn)
Grammar	Gn02-13a	GICHON(river)=ALOT OF (Nun) GORING NOISE(GCh)
Grammar	Gn11-32b	CHARAN=ALOT(Nun) of Anger(CRH) in world*3
Grammar	Dt32-10f	EYSHUN(eye pupil)=MUCH(Nun) REDNESS(Aysh)
Grammar	Lv16-04c	TzNF(Put on a turban)=ALOT(Nun) of Overlay(Tzf

COMMENTS
1 The following LIST contains a variety of Hebrew roots, containing the letter MEM, which means SOURCE or PLACEz --------------------------------------------------------------- # WORD MEANING ETYMOLOGY USING MM=PLACE --------------------------------------------------------------- (1) MZBaCh Altar Place (M) of Sacrifice (TVCh) (2) MShKN House-Palace Place (M) where you dwell (Schan) (3) MREH Mirror Place (M) of Sight (RAH) (4) MGDOL Tower Place (M) that is tall ( GDL) (5) MKDSH Temple Place (M) of Holiness (KDSH)a (6) MSPCH Skin Growth Place (M) where added skin is formingb (7) M-L-Ch Kinge Source(MEM) of a nations walkings(HLCh) (8) M-S-R Turn over to Source(MEM) of Departing from (S-V-R) (9) M-Tz-DH Cave(?) Source(MEM) of Hunting (Tz-Y-D) f (10) M-R-D Rebellion Source(MEM) of Downfall(R-D) (11) M-D-N Municipality Place(MEM) where Laws hold(D-Y-N)gh (12) SFM Mustache On Place (M) of Mouthg (13) MGD SWEET Source(M) of Sweetnesscg (14) M-A-N Refusal Source(MEM) of nothing(A-Y-N)g (15) M-A-R ThornPain Its Source(MEM) is plucking(A-R-H)ig (16) M-D-A Why? Source(MEM) for Knowledge(Y-D-A)g (17) M-T-R Dew Source(MEM) of Pussiness (T-R-H) d g (18) M-Tz-R Gates Source(MEM) of Bundling(Tz-R-R) f z In some of these examples the M+ROOT and the ROOT have almost the same meaning (in other words we have lost knowledge of the nuances differentiating them). a Ex25-08a. Note Rashi simply says that TEMPLE IS A HOUSE OF HOLINESS. However Silberstein in his Chumash sees in this Rashi the use of the principle of MEM=PLACE and gives several examples. b Again Rashi on Lv13-06b simply says that MISPACHATH is a RITUALLY PURE AFFLICTION. But the etymology of-- MiSPaChaTH = PLACE (M) OF A GROWTH (YSF)-- seems a reasonable description of a skin affliction that is ritually impure c The two-letter Hebrew root GAD can specifically refer to a CORIANDER SEED or to something SWEET/BEAUTIFUL (Cf its usage in Nu11-08 and Gn30-11). It is a rare word with multiple meanings and hence its meaning is difficult to pinpoint. From Gn30-11 it seems to mean SWEET so that MEGED would also mean SWEET or else a SWEET PLACE (e.g. a SWEET MEADOW) (Cf Rashi Dt33-13b) d That is the dew creates the "pussy like" texture in the morning e This etymology, MLCh = MoLiCh (KING=The Walker) is due to Rav Hirsch who sees the King as LEADING (=walking!!!) the people and guiding them. f That is the MTzuDaH is the source or hangout from which you can hunt (it wouldn't exactly be a cave but rather an ambush grounds) g There is an element of poetic lisence in some of these etymologies. For example THE MUNCIPALITY is not the SOURCE of LAWS but the SOURCE/PLACE where LAWS hold; WHY is not the SOURCE of KNOWLEDGE but the VEHICLE to get knowledge from its source; DEW is not the SOURCE OF PUSSINESS but the SOURCE of the PUSSY LIKE APPEARANCE in the morning; GATES create borders and APPEAR to BUNDLE up the city. Similary MGD is not a source of GD seeds but a source of things as sweet as GD seeds. h That is laws hold over the domain of the municipality (Outside the municipality they do not hold) i Rashi on Lv13-51a--states A CURSED THORN (so this etymology would be almost explicit in Rashi) The word MAR like ARH means to CURSE and would correspond to the type of SHARP PAIN that comes from plucking a thorn 2 Roots illustrating the meanings of NUN When NUN occurs as a first letter it means ALOT When NUN occurs as a second letter it means LIKE --------------------------------------------------------------- # WORD ENG MEANING = ALOT (NUN) MEANING ROOT --------------------------------------------------------------- (4) PaaMN (Bell Claver)= Alot of(Nun) Hammering (PAAM) (5) KoRBN (Sacrifice) = Intense(Nun) Closeness to God (KRV) (6) ShlChaN (Table) = Alot (Nun) left out (on it) (SLCH) (7) ZiChRN (Memorial) = Intense(Nun) Memory (ZCR) (8) YERIVUN (Fist Fight) = Intense(Nun) Dispute (RV) AaNaPh (anger) = Nun (like) APh (anger)b AaNaSh (Person) = Nun (like) ISh (Person)b ChaNaF (Flatter) = Nun (like a) ChF (Cover up) AaNaCh (we) = Nun (like) ACh (Brothers) ZaNaK (Leap) = Nun (like a) ZeeK (Spark) KaNaF (Wing) = Nun (Like a) CaF (hand) TzANaF (Put on clothes) = Nun (like an) TzuF (Overlay)c GaNaV (Thief) = Nun (like) GaV (Clefts)d GaNaZ (Hide) = Nun (like) GayZ (Shearingse b In these examples the root with and without the NUN has the same meaning c Rashi simply says that TzaNaF means to PUT TO REST. But our point is that the Hebrew Tzanaf doesnt just mean to PUT TO REST but more specifically it means to OVERLAY as in putting on a turban or putting on clothes. Thus by using the two letter roots we gain more insight into both the meaning and believability of Rashi(Lv16-04c) d A thief (vs a robber) enters steathily sort of like thru clefts and holes. I should mention that the other meanings of the Hebrew GaV also have a connotation of pits/clefts/bumpy surface: e.g. Cheese, mountains, human back (which looks cleft like because of the vertebrae) e This root is usually used to denote hiding treasures which the Hebrew equates with a procedure that is sort of like covering with shearings *3 The Rashi on Gn11-32b has led to the greatest confusion. Rashi refers to the TERMINAL NUN on Charan as the HURRICANE NUN (meaning that the NUN signifies ALOT). However some commentators interpreted the Hebrew phrase NUN HAPHUCAH literally. Literally NUN HAPUCHAH means the OVERTURNED NUN. The word OVERTURNED can refer to a HURRICANE that OVERTURNS. OR, it can refer to an upside down NUN (Which is also overturned). Thus some commentators erroneously thought that Rashis Sefer Torah had upside down Nuns next to the word Charan. I assure you that this is rediculous. The Mesorah was very careful to preserve every oddity in the Torah. If there were overturned nuns by Charan then the Mesorah would have so indicated (which it does not). Therefore the simple meaning of the Rashi is that the NUN is the MUCHNESS NUN (the HURRICANE NUN) and indicates that there was MUCH anger in the world until Charans time when Abraham came.

GRAMMAR METHOD--USE OF DOUBLING
*In this method Rashi infers the meaning of words whose root letters have been doubled. Here is an example --ADAM means RED. --ADAMDAM means INTENSE RED(ie not pinkish)1**
METHOD	VERSE	RASHI
Grammar	Lv13-49a	ADMDM = Intense (Double -DM DM) Red(ADM)
Grammar	Ex16-33a	TZINTZENET(Thermos)=Intense(TznTzn) Cold(TzNH)
Grammar	Lv13-49b	YRKRK=Intense (Double-RK RK) Green(YRK)

COMMENTS
*1 The Ibn Ezra on Lv13-49 appears to disagree. However Ibn Ezra retracted in Ps45. Actually all the Ibn Ezra was doing was repeating sharp questions he had heard. After reviewing the examples we see that the only hard verse occurs in Songs1-6 which speaks about the womens TAN(SCHARCHORET) Now TAN appears as a WEAKER form of SCHCHOR(BLACK) But SHACHOR can mean BOTH black and dawn. So if we translate SCHARCHORET as DawnDawn we can think of an intensely DAWNED person as being TANNED.

GRAMMAR: ROOT + PREPOSITION METHOD
GRAMMAR: ROOTS or ROOTS + PREPOSITION Everyone knows that 3 letter roots have meanings. In this method Rashi determines meaning based on PREPOSITION and GRAMMATICAL MODE USED. Here is a simple example The root Y-R-Sh means --To CONQUER in the HIFIL mode --to INHERIT in the kal mode --POVERTY as a noun Thus the meaning depends on which grammaticl mode is used In a similar manner meaning can depend on which PREPOSITION IS USED with the verb. For example KRA TO means TO PAGE WHile KRA ETH means TO INVITE/SUMMON.
METHOD	VERSE	RASHI
Grammar	Dt28-42a	YRSH=Inherit(in Hifil),Conquer(In Kal),Poor
Grammar	Dt28-42b	YRSH=Inherit(in Hifil),Conquer(In Kal),Poor
Grammar	Dt28-42c	YRSH=Inherit(in Hifil),Conquer(In Kal),Poor

GRAMMAR - SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATIONS
GRAMMAR: SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATIONS: There are 3 ways for an OBJECT to become an activity --TO MAKE the object (eg to flower) --TO USE the object (Eg to hammer) --TO REMOVE the object (eg to dust) I refer to these methods as SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATIONS. It is the method by which an OBJECT(noun) becomes an ACTIVITY (verb). Rashis job is to clarify WHICH semantic transformation is being used.
METHOD	VERSE	RASHI
Grammar	Nu04-13b	To Dust= REMOVE Dust
Grammar	Ex16-20b	To Worm=To PRODUCE Worms

WORD USAGE METHOD
For example the word SAR means MASTER. It however can be used in 3 ways ---MASTER CHEF WHAT you are master of ---FRENCH CHEF WHERE you are from ---MASTER OF A 100 HOW MANY you supervise Thus Rashi clarifies HOW words are used thru other their usage in other verses
METHOD	VERSE	RASHI
Grammar	Dt01-15d	Master:3 usages: Master Chef,French Chef,Chef100
Grammar	Dt01-15e	Master:3 usages: Master Chef,French Chef,Chef100
Grammar	Ex18-21e	Master:3 usages: Master Chef,French Chef,Chef100
Grammar	Ex18-21f	Master:3 usages: Master Chef,French Chef,Chef100
Grammar	Ex18-21g	Master:3 usages: Master Chef,French Chef,Chef100
Grammar	Ex18-21h	Master:3 usages: Master Chef,French Chef,Chef100

THE WHOLE PHRASE METHOD
The words ON, THE, and FACE each have distinct meanings The phrase ON THE FACE has a new meaning--it means DURING THE LIFETIME. The phrase occurs 4-5 times in the BIble (in reference to humans) and Rashi says this on each verse Thus in this method Rashi gives the meaning of WHOLE PHRASE which may differ from the meaning of each of its words
METHOD	VERSE	RASHI
Phrase	Nu03-4a	ON THE FACE = during the lifetime
Phrase	Nu03-4a	ON THE FACE = during the lifetime
Phrase	Dt05-07a	ON THE FACE = during the lifetime
Phrase	Gn11-28a	ON THE FACE = during the lifetime
Phrase	Gn11-28a	ON THE FACE = during the lifetime
Phrase	Ex20-03c	ON THE FACE = during the lifetime
Phrase	Lv13-19a	REDDISH WHITE-->Not Pink but red-white streaks
Phrase	Lv13-39a	WEAK WHITE means Pale-white

PARALLEL SENTENCE FORM METHOD
PARALLEL FORM: Gn01-02 reads ------------------------------ The earth was TOHU VAVOHU on the deep was DARKNESS ------------------------------ Using the method of PARALLEL FORM I infer that TOHU VAVOHU means something like DARKNESS or CONFUSION
METHOD	VERSE	RASHI
Form	Gn01-02a	TOHU(Confusion) parallels DARKNESS(Choshch)
Form	Gn01-02b	TOHU(Confusion) parallels DARKNESS(Choshch)
Form	Gn01-02c	TOHU(Confusion) parallels DARKNESS(Choshch)

SPECIAL WORDS
How are special classes of words named? For example the compass positions are a special set of words. How are they to be named? ---FACE means EAST (Because you face the sun) ---BACK means WEST (when you FACE east, WEST is in BACK) ---RIGHT means SOUTH(When you FACE East, SOUTH is on RIGHT)
METHOD	VERSE	RASHI
Special	Nu02-03a	East=FACE(kedem):West=BACK:South=RIGHT(Tayman)
Special	Ex27-13a	East=FACE(kedem):West=BACK:South=RIGHT(Tayman)
Special	Nu34-15a	East=FACE(kedem):West=BACK:South=RIGHT(Tayman)

VERSES - SYNONYM NUANCE METHOD
One application of VERSES is to review how synonyms are used. This enriches our understanding of them. For example the following words all mean TO TALK --DBR --DBH --DBA --GRN If we dont look at other verses we think of these words as synonyms. By looking at other verses we obtain the precise nuances of these words. Here is what Rashi says --DBR Talk --DBH Chatter --DBA Chatter about me --GRN Paranoic grumbling A review of the verses below should convince the reader that DBH is best translated as TO CHATTER (DBA is a very rare word so nothing definitive can be made--for verses with RGN see Prv18-08, Dt01-27, Prv16-28, Prv26-20, Isa29-24)
METHOD	VERSE	RASHI
Verse	Dt33-25b	DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse	Dt33-25b	DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse	Nu14-36b	DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse	Nu14-36a	DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse	Nu14-36b	DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse	Gn37-02e	DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse	Gn37-02e	DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse	Gn37-02f	DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse	Gn37-02f	DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse	Dt01-27a	DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse	Dt01-27a	DBR=Talk: DBH=Chatter: GRN=Paranoic talk
Verse	Ex27-19b	YTD=TENT peg(hammered) vs WEAVE peg(weighs down)
Verse	Ex35-18a	YTD=TENT peg(hammered) vs WEAVE peg(weighs down)
Verse	Gn01-22b	BE FRUITFUL & MULTIPLY is normal usage!*1
Verse	Gn01-22c	BE FRUITFUL & MULTIPLY is normal usage!*1


COMMENTS
*1 The language BE FRUITFUL (vs BE FRUITFUL & MULTIPLY) is only used in 4 verses. These 4 verses all show signs of a hostile environment. Hence we reach the conclusion that --be FRUITFUL is stated in a hostile environment --be FRUTIFUL & MULTIPLY is normal usage

VERSES - PROPERTY METHOD
In this method we use other verses to find PROPERTIES of an object. Take the CHOSHEN GARMENT. We see that --it is embroidered from gold, azure,pink (Ex28-15) --it is 9 inches by 9 inches (Ex28-16) --it is linked by chains and worn on chest(Ex28-25,27) Hence Rashi calls the CHOSHEN a GARMENT ORNAMENT or a GARMENT TRINKET. Rashi here used the method of REVIEWING OTHER VERSES TO FIND PROPERTIES
METHOD	VERSE	RASHI
Verse	Ex28-04b	AYFD=BELT-ROBE worn by riders to protect cloths*1
Verse	Ex28-04a	Choshen=a small colored dress ornament*2
Verse	Ex14-21a	SHDF=illness as wind pounds wheat;hurts growth*3
Verse	Dt28-22f	SHDF=illness as wind pounds wheat;hurts growth
Verse	Dt28-22g	SHDF=illness as wind pounds wheat;hurts growth
Verse	Gn41-06a	SHDF=illness as wind pounds wheat;hurts growth
Verse	Gn41-06b	SHDF=illness as wind pounds wheat;hurts growth
Verse	Ex35-18b	YTR means rope slack*4

COMMENTS
1 See Ex28-04, 2Sam06-14, Lv08-07, Ex28-27 for justification. 2 See Ex28-15,16,25,27 for justification 3 See Dt28-22, 2Kings19-26, Gn41-06 for justification 4 See Is54-02 and Jer10-20 for justification

VERSES - ONE VERSE LINK METHOD
Sometimes just ONE OTHER VERSE will clarify a usage. For example, Lv08-09 says HE PLACED THE MITZNEFET on his head. Hence, I infer that the MITZNEFET was a HAT. In this case I used ONE OTHER VERSE to make an inference.
METHOD	VERSE	RASHI
Verse	Ex28-04f	You BELT the AVNAYT==>AVNAYT means BELT
Verse	Ex28-04c	You WEAR the MEIL====>MEIL means ROBE
Verse	Ex28-04e	Place the MTZNEFET on HEAD===>MITZNEFET=Hat

THE VERSES-TO-DISPEL-SYNONYM-CONFUSION METHOD
In this method I review other verses with a word to dispel a common conception of translation. For example many English translations translate NHSHAL as TO REMOVE or TO FALL. A close examination of verses shows it means TO SLIP ---Dt28-40 when your olives SLIP from the tree ---Dt18-05 when an ax-head SLIPS from the ax & kills someone
METHOD	VERSE	RASHI
Verse	Ex03-05a	NhSHal means SLIP not REMOVE/FALL
Verse	Dt07-01	NhSHal means SLIP not REMOVE/FALL
Verse	Dt19-05b	NhSHal means SLIP not REMOVE/FALL
Verse	Dt28-40a	NhSHal means SLIP not REMOVE/FALL
Verse	Dt17-04a	NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED
Verse	Dt19-03a	NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED
Verse	Ex19-11a	NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED
Verse	Ex19-11a	NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED
Verse	Ex34-02a	NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED
Verse	Ex34-02a	NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED
Verse	Gn41-32	NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED
Verse	Gn41-32a	NCHON means PREPARED not CORRECT/DESERVED