The goal of this Weekly Rashi Digest
is to use the weekly Torah portion to expose
students at all levels to the ten major methods of commentary used by Rashi.
It is hoped that continual weekly exposure to these
ten major methods will enable students of all levels to acquire
a familiarity and facility with the major exegetical methods.
Verse
Gn24-06:07
discussing
Abraham requesting from his servant to obtain for his son a wife
that is proper and consistent with God's promise to Abraham to
give to him Israel,
states
And Abraham said unto him: 'Beware thou that thou bring not my son back thither.
The LORD, the God of heaven, who took me from my father's house, and from the land of my nativity, and who spoke unto me, and who swore unto me, saying: Unto thy seed will I give this land; He will send His angel before thee, and thou shalt take a wife for my son from thence.
Rashi notes:
The underlined word, swore..., references
verse Gn15-18
discussing
the Convenant of Cuts where God promised Abraham Israel.
Text of Target Verse Gn24-07:08
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Text of Reference Verse Gn15-18
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And Abraham said unto him: 'Beware thou that thou bring not my son back thither. The LORD, the God of heaven, who took me from my father's house, and from the land of my nativity, and who spoke unto me, and who swore unto me, saying: Unto thy seed will I give this land; He will send His angel before thee, and thou shalt take a wife for my son from thence
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In that day the LORD made a covenant with Abram, saying: 'Unto thy seed have I given this land, from the river of Egypt unto the great river, the river Euphrates
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Rashi comments:
The statement in Gn24-07:08, God swore to give me this land
references verse Gn15-18 where God swore to give Abraham this land.
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When Rashi uses the hononym method he takes a single Biblical root
and shows an underlying unifying meaning in disparate usages. Very
often the unifying meaning may appear to be different than the
actual known meanings. Today's example illustrates this.
The Hebrew Biblical root Yud-Caph-Cheth has a fundamental meaning
of demonstration, proof It therefore can either mean
- Benefit me: To prove a claim in court to win something for myself
- Benefit other: To re-prove / rebuke someone and force him to change
his behavior.
The following two verses illustrate these two different meanings
prove, reprove which however come from a fundamental unifying
meaning of prove.
- Proving Claim - benefiting me:
Gn24-44 states
and she shall say to me: Both drink thou, and I will also draw for thy camels;
that is women that God has proven for my master.
[Below, using the Fill-in method, Rule #9, we will show
how Rivkah providing water is a proof from God that she is Isaac's true
wife. Roughly, Isaac is a charitable person and therefore if a woman provided food
to a slave she is proven charitable and is worthy for Isaac.]
- Re-prove another person:
Gn21-25 states
And Abraham reproved Abimelech because of the well of water, which Abimelech's servants had violently taken away.
Advanced Rashi: Notice the English treatment prove - reprove analogous
to the Hebrew dual meaning of Yud-Caph-Ceth. Such English - Hebrew dualities are important
and enrich the Rashi experience. They show underlying deep conceptual structure independent of
language.
The multi-verse rule states that a single sentence
may span several verses.
sentence. Rashi facilitates understanding the multi-verse nature
by smoothing out the multi-verse nature by
emphasizing or inserting smoothing connective words.
Gn24-37:41 is such a multi-verse. It states:
And my master made me swear, saying:
- Thou shalt not take a wife for my son of the daughters of the Canaanites, in whose land I dwell.
- Unless thou shalt go unto my father's house, and to my kindred, and take a wife for my son.
- then shalt thou be clear from my oath, when thou comest to my kindred;
- if they give her not to thee, thou shalt be clear from my oath.
Rashi's whole purpose is to explain the multi-verse nature.
Initially: Don't initially take a Canaanite wife; but rather initially go to my family.
If they don't give her to you then you are free from this prohibition.
The table below presents an aligned extract of verses in
Gn24-22:23, Gn24-47
Both verses
discuss
Eliezer meeting Rivkah and deciding that she is the proper wife for Isaac.
The alignment justifies the Rashi assertion that
Eliezer disguised himself as a slave but nevertheless Rivkah provided food and
water. Eliezer was so excited by her charitable nature that he 1st) gave her
the ring (that is, he was sure she was Isaac's wife) and 2nd) inquired about her family. He therefore gave
gratitude to God for God's quick guidance. But in discussing the matter with
Rivkah's family he 1st) mentioned inquiring about her family and 2nd)
gave her the ring. With her family Eliezer did not want to appear emotional
and involved with God. He rather wished to appear business like and professional.
Verse
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Text of Verse
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Rashi comment
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Gn24-22:23
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- Ring 1st:
And it came to pass, as the camels had done drinking, that the man took a golden ring of half a shekel weight,
and two bracelets for her hands of ten shekels weight of gold;
- Family 2nd: and said: 'Whose daughter art thou? tell me, I pray thee.
Is there room in thy father's house for us to lodge in?
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Rivkah gave charity to a slave. Eliezer was shocked. Someone so charitable must be Isaac's wife. He saw it as
an act of God. He therefore gave her the ring first and inquired about her family, 2nd.
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Gn24-47
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- Family 1st:
And I asked her, and said: Whose daughter art thou? And she said: The daughter of Bethuel, Nahor's son, whom Milcah bore unto him.
- Ring 2nd: And I put the ring upon her nose, and the bracelets upon her hands
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With Rivkah's family Eliezer did not want to appear emotional and involved with God. Such
an air would turn them off. Instead he had to appear logical, business-like and professional.
Hence he used the logical order: family 1st, ring 2nd.
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Sermonic points: Rashi teaches us the etiquette of wearing different hats.
Very often in life we have to be cold in one setting and warm in another, emotional vs. logical,
faith-dependent vs. involved with God. The Eliezer story succinctly depicts the different hats
that we have to wear and how to successfully accomplish it.
Certain Biblical paragraphs are stated in a Theme-Development-Theme form.
In other words a broad general idea is stated first followed by the development
of this broad general theme in specific details. The paragraph-like unit is then
closed with a repetition of the broad theme.
The Theme-Detail-Theme form creates a unified paragraph.
The detailed section of this paragraph is therefore seen as
an extension of the general theme sentences.
Today's example illustrates
this as shown immediately below.
Verse
Gn23-01b
discussing
Sarah's life states
states
- General Theme: This is the life of Sarah
- Detail:
- The 100-year life [maturity],
- The 20-year life [the young-adult life]
- The 7-year life [innocence]
- General: The years of Sarah's life
Rashi comments on the Theme-Detail-Theme form which creates the
illusion of an entire paragraph.
Although her life had 3 distinct aspects - maturity, young-adulthood, innocence -
nevertheless these 3 aspects were illustrative of her life as a whole. That is
her life had a unified theme of personal-fulfillment and growth.
Advanced Rashi: We have not explained why we translated
the verse as the 100 year life, the 20 year life, the 7 year life. This
is in fact the subject of another Rashi. We are simply not covering it today.
However it will be justified, possibly next year. We also seem to have taken
sides on what the 100 year, 20 year and 7 year life mean. There is
considerable controversy among Rashi-ists on this point. We will explain this
also next year. Right now, we are focusing the general-theme-General
form which justifies that the three stages be nevertheless perceived as aspects
of one whole life.
The climax principle asserts that a sequence of similar phrases
should be interpreted climactically even if the words
and grammatical constructs used do not directly suggest this. That is
the fact of the sequence justifies
reading into the Biblical text
a climactic interpretation
even if no other textual source justifies it. For this reason we consider
the climax method a distinct and separate method.
The climax principle is illustrated by verse Gn24-55c,
discussing
the request, by the family of the soon to-be-wed bride that she be allowed to stay
home a little longer before leaving,
states
And her brother and her mother said:
- 'Let the damsel abide with us days,
- or ten;
after that she shall go.'
An initial interpretation could be literal as indicated by the bracketed words
And her brother and her mother said:
- 'Let the damsel abide with us [a few]days,
- or ten [days];
after that she shall go.'
Rashi however objects to such an explanation.
True - such an explanation is consistent with word meaning and grammar
But it is non-climatic. People simply don't speak that way. They don't ask
for a few days and then say but if I can't get a few let me get 10.
Such a sequencing is anti-climactic.
Rashi therefore provides an interpretation consistent with climax.
And her brother and her mother said:
- 'Let the damsel abide with us days [a year],
- or ten [months];
after that she shall go.'
It is important to understand the underlying Rashi methods: Rashi is using climax
The climax principle allows us to interpret the ambiguous ten as meaning
ten months versus ten days. The Bible occasionally uses the word
days to mean year and since year versus a few days is consistent
with climax Rashi so interprets.
We ask the following database query:
What does bowing symbolically affirm in the Bible?
The reader is encouraged to perform the query using a standard Biblical Konnkordance or search engine.
This database query yields the list below.
The list justifies the following Rashi inference:
Bowing can refer symbolically affirm 4 items:
- A greeting of 'Hello.'
- Expression of Thanks
- Acknowledgement of Power
- Worship
The list below presents the results of the database query.
Meaning of Bowing
| A Supportive Verse
| Text of Verse
|
Greeting of Hello
| Ex18-07
| And Moses went out to meet his father-in-law, and bowed down and kissed him; and they asked each other of their welfare; and they came into the tent
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Expression of Thanks
| Gn24-52
| And it came to pass, that, when Abraham's servant heard their words, he bowed himself down to the earth unto the LORD
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Acknowledgement of Power
| Gn37-10
| he told it to his father, and to his brethren; and his father rebuked him, and said unto him: 'What is this dream that thou hast dreamed? Shall I and thy mother and thy brethren indeed come to bow down to thee to the earth?'
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Worship
| Ex24-01
| And unto Moses He said: 'Come up unto the LORD, thou, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; and bow ye afar off;
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Verse Gn24-44b
discussing
how Eliezer would recognize a future wife for Isaac
states
and she shall say to me: Both drink thou, and I will also draw for thy camels;
she is the woman whom God has proven for my master's son.
Rashi's task is to explain how Rivkah's offering of water to Eliezer
and his camels proves she is Isaac's future wife:
Rashi solves this problem, not by citing verses, but by Filling in with logical
and world facts. Rashi argues that
Charitable men need charitable wives. Hence a woman who gave water to Eliezer and
his camels was charitable and worthy of being Isaac's wife.
Here Rashi uses a fill in method to explain why provision of water is a proof.
This is typical of the fill in method.
Verse Gn24-22c discussing the gifts that Eliezer gave Rivkah states
And it came to pass, as the camels finished drinking, that the man took
- a golden ear ring of half a dollar value, and
- two bracelets for her hands of
- ten shekels weight of gold;
The Rashi symbolic interpretations of these gifts seems strange:
- a golden ear ring of half a dollar value, [Rashi: corresponding to the Biblical commandment
to give a half-dollar]
- two bracelets for her hands of [Rashi: Corresponding to the 10 commandments given on two stones]
- ten shekels weight of gold; [Rashi: Corresponding to the 10 commandments]
This Rashi is strange because it implies that Eliezer is prophesying that Rebekkah will be a
matriarch to a people who will receive the 10 commandments and be commanded on the giving of
the half-dollar. Rebekkah was in no position to know this at this stage of her life.
However the Rashi interpretations can be made plausible if we use one simple Rashi rule:
Rashi does not speak using abstract concepts but rather Rashi speaks using examples of these
concepts. Hence
- The concept of caring about the little man in the street is symbolized by the
half dollar vs. say the $100 bill. The half dollar symbolism is also used in the
commandment for every Jew to give a half dolloar symbolizing that all the little people
in the nation count. Consequently instead of using the
abstract concept of the little man in the street
Rashi uses an example of this concept: The commandment to give a half dollar.
Here we have used our understanding of Rashi's style to make his commentary plausible.
- The abstract concept of a dual emphasis on commandments between man-and-man vs. commandments between
man-and-God is exemplified by the two tablets containing the ten commandments since one side
the ten commandments contains commandments between man-and-God while the other side contains
commandments between man-and-man.
- The abstract concept of community is symbolized by the plural number ten. One example
of this is the quorom of people needed for a religious service,10, since the service must be delivered
by the community. Another example might be the 10 commandments which contain the basic laws and ethics
needed by the community.
Using this principle that Rashi expresses abstract concepts by using examples of them we can
translate the Rashi symbolism into traditional abstract language. Rashi is explaining what Eliezer
liked about Rivkah which would make her a good wife for Isaac:
- a golden ear ring of half a dollar value,
[Rashi: She cared about the little man; Eliezer knew this since she
gave a slave water to drink]
- two bracelets for her hands of [Rashi: She had a dual caring about both people and God---since
she cared about the person, Eliezer, and also showed caring behavior to his animals(a man-God commandment)
- ten shekels weight of gold; [Rashi: Corresponding to her concerns for the community since
she fed the camels which were presumably carrying commercial loads for community business]
As shown the Rashi symbolic interpretation is plausible and not far fetched. The sole tool we
used to make Rashi plausible is replacing examples by the abstract concepts
they exemplify. Rashi was not attributing prophetic knowledge to Rivkah or Eliezer.
Rather Rashi was explaining how the events which just happened indictated personality
traits desirable in a mate.
This week's parshah contains no examples of
the Contradiction Rashi method.
Visit the RashiYomi website at
http://www.Rashiyomi.com
for further details and examples.
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