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VERSE: Ex15-01a
RASHIS COVERED: Ex15-01a Ex15-06d Ex15-07b Ex18-16a
Gn33-14b Gn32-32b Gn33-14b
========================= Ex15-01a =============================
SUCCINCT SUMMARY:
-----------------
One of Rashi's 10 major goals is the explanation of GRAMMAR
the same way modern textbooks explain GRAMMAR. There are three
major GRAMMAR submethods:
(a) The goal of the ROOT submethod is to explain all
conjugations and meanings of Biblical roots.
Biblical roots are conjugated with letter prefixes and suffixes
to indicate (i) tense (ii) person (iii) gender (iv) plurality
(v) mode (vi) object (to whom the activity is done) and (vii)
mood. Each of these conjugations has a specific meaning.
Furthermore, these conjugations take on different forms for
roots with weak letters.
(b) The SENTENCE submethod deals with grammatical attributes
of sentences such as (i) word arrangement (Verb Subject vs
Subject Verb) (ii) sentence type (interrogative, command)
(iii) compound sentences (iv) apposition and (v)
paragraph / sentence development.
(c) The MISCELLANEOUS grammatical methods deal with
(i) agreement (in gender and plurality), (ii) the construct
(iii) pronoun reference (iv) ellipsis (v) noun-verb transforms
(e.g. to dust) (vi) special word usage(e.g. how to use
numbers) (vii) suffix-prefixes (e.g. terminal HEY means
towards).
EXAMPLE 1: Gn33-14b
-----------------
VERBS indicate ACTIVITY. VERB MODALITY indicates
the relationship between INTENT and REALITY. For example
I WILL TRAVEL GENTLY indicates a future activity and is
called the INDICATIVE modality. By contrast I INTEND
TO TRAVEL GENTLY indicates not the travel itself but
the INTENT to travel. Declarations of intent are called
the JUSSIVE and COHORTIVE. In Hebrew they are indicated
by a terminal HEY at the end of the verb (In English
it is indicated by words like WISH, INTEND, EXPECT).
Hence Rashi interprets the text of Gn33-14b as follows
------------------------------------------------------
Let my lord, Esauv, please pass over before his servant;
but I INTEND to lead on slowly, according to the pace of
the cattle that goes before me and the pace the children
can endure, until I come to my lord, Esauv, at Seir
------------------------------------------------------
Rashi inferred this translation from the terminal HEY
suffixed to the verb in the Hebrew text.
EXAMPLE 2: Ex15-01a
-------------------
Here is the Rashi interpretation of Ex15-01
-------------------------------------------
Then Moses and the Jews WISHED TO SING this song to God
and they said as follows
I WISH TO SING BECAUSE HE IS EXALTED...
-------------------------------------------
This verse is interesting in that
- the second WISH TO SING in indicated by a terminal HEY
- the first WISH TO SING is indicated by the FUTURE
That is Rashi explains that the FUTURE tense can indicate
EITHER actual future or the jussive (WISH TO ) mode.
LIST704b below gives other examples of the JUSSIVE/COHORTIVE
EXAMPLE Gn33-32b
----------------
In Grammar school we learn about 3 tenses: PAST, PRESENT
and FUTURE. Actually there are about a dozen tenses.
One such tense is the PROGRESSIVE PAST which indicates
a PAST activity that CONTINUED over time (instead of
being concentrated at one point in time).
-----------------------------------------------------
- I LIMPED indicates LIMPING at one point of time.
- I WAS LIMPING after leaving the city, indicates
that he was LIMPING for a few days (continued limping)
due to an injury.
-----------------------------------------------------
In English we indicate the PAST PROGRESSIVE using
the auxilliary verb WAS (WAS LIMPLING). In Hebrew
the PAST PROGRESSIVE is indicated thru the PRESENT tense.
That is the same CONJUGATION used for the PRESENT is
also used to indicate the PAST PROGRESSIVE (You can
always easily distinguish between them from context)
Hence Rashi interprets Gn33-32b as follows
----------------------------------------------
The sun rose quickly for Jacob as he left
Peniayl [where he wrestled with an angel] and
Jacob WAS LIMPING on his thigh
----------------------------------------------
A similar concept is the
---------------------------------------
simple past indicating an ongoing habit
---------------------------------------
(For example
----------------------
I EAT LUNCH EVERY DAY
----------------------
here the present tense refers not to one
instant of time but to a
collection of activities).
Rashi explains that the FUTURE tense can also
indicate A HABIT ONGOING OVER TIME. Here are some
examples
LIST703i below contains several tenses with
indications of conjugation in Hebrew and English
================================================================
ITEM DETAIL
======================== =======================================
RASHI RULE CLASS: GRAMMAR
RASHI SUBRULE CLASS JUSSIVE
RASHI WORKBOOK PRINCIPLE #9
SEE BELOW LIST704b
List of verses using JUSSIVE/COHORTIVE mood(I INTEND to...)
--------------------- ------------------------------------
RASHI SUBRULE CLASS 14 TENSES
RASHI WORKBOOK PRINCIPLE #9
SEE BELOW LIST703i
List of Rashis using the 14 Tenses
================================================================
========================= LIST704b ==============================
List of verses using JUSSIVE/COHORTIVE mood(I INTEND to...)
=================================================================
VERSE VERSE TEXT: TRANSLATION OF jussive/cohortive CAPITALIZED
======== ========================================================
Gn32-14b You go ahead: My INTENT*1 is to go at a slower pace
Gn11-03 Our GOALS*1 are to make bricks and mortar for building
Gn18-21 I INTEND to go down and investigate what is going on
Gn19-08 My INTENT is to give you the girls to do what you want
Gn19-20 My WISH*1 is to flee to this smaller city
Gn19-32 We will get him drunk SO THAT we can sleep with him*1
Ex15-01a Moses and the Jews WISHED TO SING TO GOD
Ex15-01 and they said...I WISH TO SING TO GOD FOR HE IS EXALTED
NOTES
-----
*1 The JUSSIVE/COHORTIVE, indicated by a terminal HEY can
indicate
- INTENT
- WISH, or
- GOAL
- INTENDED CONSEQUENCE (So that) *10
---------------------- LONGER FOOTNOTES ---------------------
*10 The general overview of verbs is the following
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
VERBS indicate ACTIVITY. VERB MODALITY indicates
the relationship between INTENT and REALITY. For example
I WILL TRAVEL GENTLY indicates a future activity and is
called the INDICATIVE modality. By contrast I INTEND
TO TRAVEL GENTLY indicates not the travel itself but
the INTENT to travel. Declarations of intent are called
the JUSSIVE and COHORTIVE. In Hebrew they are indicated
by a terminal HEY at the end of the verb (In English
it is indicated by words like WISH, INTEND, EXPECT).
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
================================================================
========================= LIST703i ==================================
List of Rashis using the 14 Tenses
=====================================================================
VERSE TRANSLATION OF VERSE TENSE
======== ======================================== ===================
Gn04-01a Adam HAD ALREADY known his wife*1 PAST PERFECT*1
Gn32-32b Jacob WAS LIMPING when he left*2 PROGRESSIVE PAST
Ex20-08a CONTINUALLY REMEMBER the Sabbath*3 PROGRESSIVE COMMAND
------ ----------------------------------- ------------
Gn29-08a Until shepards gather & ROLE the stone*4 CONDITIONAL SIMPLE
Ex18-16a Whoever HAS a case COMES to me*4 CONDITIONAL SIMPLE
------ ----------------------------------- ---------------
Gn29-15b You, my relative, SHOULD WORK for nought SUBJUNCTIVE*5
Ex15-06d Your right hand always PULVERIZES enemys PRESENT-HABIT
Ex15-07b You CONTINUALLY SMASH ENEMIES PRESENT-HABIT
NOTES
-----
*1 HAD ALREADY indicates the PAST PERFECT; that is, an activity
that happened before another Past activity. In English this
is indicated using the AUXILLIARY VERB HAD. In Hebrew it
is indicated with the PAST CONJUGATION (The ABSOLUTE PAST
is indicated in Hebrew with PREFIX VAV+FUTURE).
Gn03 discusses the sin of Adam/Eve/Snake in Paradise. Gn04-01,
the birth of Kayin HAD HAPPENED before the Paradise sin.
Rashi explains that the birth of Kayin belongs with the verse
prior to the Paradise sin chapter
--------------------------------------------------------
Adam and Eve were naked but not embarassed (Involved
in love making). She conceived and gave birth to Kayin
--------------------------------------------------------
Rashi explains that the snake saw Eve naked and wanted
Adam killed so he could marry her--hence the interruption
of the story and the use of the PAST PERFECT
*2 LIMPING connotes a PAST EVENT in one point in time. WAS LIMPING
connotes an ongoing past activity. In English an ONGOING
PAST ACTIVITY is indicated using the AUXILLIARY VERB, WAS.
In Hebrew it is indicated by the present conjugation.
*3 REMEMBER connotes a command that should be done once.
CONTINUALLY REMEMBER connotes a COMMAND TO CONTINUALLY
BE INVOLVED AND REPEAT A PERFORMANCE. There is no
PROGRESSIVE COMMAND in English. In Hebrew the PROGRESSIVE
COMMAND is indicated by the infinitive conjugation.
The Talmud explains that CONTINUALLY REMEMBER the
Sabbath implies that e.g. we should be looking the
whole week for good dishes, wine and good bread
for the Sabbath.
*4 (Gn29-08a) The Shepards are describing the following
- we are CURRENTLY doing nothing
- at some FUTURE time we will ALL be gathered
- at that moment we can ROLE the stone
In English this would be expressed as the sentence
----------------------------------
UNTIL WE GATHER AND ROLE THE STONE
----------------------------------
uses a SIMPLE PRESENT since the ROLLING is done
at the same time (PRESENT) as the gathering(PRESENT.
However Hebrew uses the ABSOLUTE FUTURE CONJUGATION
since the ROLLING will be done IMMEDIATELY AFTER
the SHEPARDS gather.
---------------------------------------------
UNTIL the shepards WILL GATHER and WILL ROLL the stone
---------------------------------------------
(Ex18-16a)In the second example
which does not use the word UNTIL
- the conditional is indicated with the FUTURE
-----------------------------
when someone WILL HAVE a case
-----------------------------
- the consequent action is indicated with the PRESENT
--------------------
then they COME to me
--------------------
In English we would use CONDITIONAL PRESENT
---------------------------------------
When someone HAS(PRESENT) a case they COME(PRESENT) to me
---------------------------------------
*5 The FUTURE connotes something that WILL HAPPEN. In
English we call this the INDICATIVE mode. The
SUBJUNCTIVE mode indicates something that is
EXPECTED to happen. Hence Laban says
----------------------------------------------
Because you are my relative you SHOULD work
for nothing?
----------------------------------------------
English indicates the SUBJUNCTIVE with the
auxilliary verb SHOULD. Hebrew indicates
the SUBJUNCTIVE using PREFIX VAV+PAST(Similar
to the way it indicates the FUTURE).
================================================================
---------------------------------------------------
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Volume 28 Number 23
#*#*#*# (C) 2000-2005, RashiYomi Inc. Dr Hendel President #*#*#*#
Volume 28 Number 23