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Surfing the Talmudic Seas
(C) RashiYomi Incorporated, 2002
Written by Dr Russell Jay Hendel
Volume 14 Number 10
For the WORD QUALITY HTML VERSION click here
-----------------------------------
http://www.Rashiyomi.com/h14n10.htm
Produced June 13th, 2002
WARNING: USE FIX WIDTH FONTS (eg COURIER (NEW) 10)
OVERVIEW OF HILIGHTS IN THIS ISSUE |
` Whats new and hot in this issue? |
ITEM | WHATS NEW & HOT IN THIS ISSUE |
WORKBOOK | We are embarking on a Rashi Workbook Project*1 |
QUESTIONS | 5 keywords indicate questions(Nu16-11a) |
Q & A | Sometimes Rashis ANSWER comes BEFORE the QUESTION*2 |
| |
COMMENTS |
*1 Over the next year or so we will be writing modules for
the 2-4 dozen basic Rashi skill competencies needed for
learning Rashi. These modules will then be gathered into
a workbook which can be used at home or in schools In
the meantime each of these modules is usable in actual
schools or home-schooling situations.
*2 I refer to the method of OTHER VERSES. In this method
Rashi does NOT derive inferences from ODDITIES in the
verses. Rather uses explicit information from other
verses to explain possible nuances in a given Biblical
verse
|
Rashis covered in this issue |
|
VERSE | RULE | BRIEF DESCRIPTION |
======== | =============== | ======================================= |
Nu16-11a | GRAMMARr | QUESTIONS: How do you recognize them? |
Ex08-22a | GRAMMARr | QUESTIONS: How do you recognize them? |
Gn30-15a | GRAMMARr | QUESTIONS: How do you recognize them? |
Gn04-13a | GRAMMARr | QUESTIONS: How do you recognize them? |
Nu04-13a | GRAMMARr | QUESTIONS: How do you recognize them? |
Gn11-06c | GRAMMARr | QUESTIONS: How do you recognize them? |
Gn30-15b | GRAMMARr | QUESTIONS: How do you recognize them? |
Ex23-05a | GRAMMARr | QUESTIONS: How do you recognize them? |
Gn50-19a | GRAMMARr | QUESTIONS: How do you recognize them? |
Nu16-03b | EXAMPLE4 | Jews are HOLY == They SAW God at Sinai |
Nu16-03c | EXAMPLE4 | Jews are HOLY == They SAW God at Sinai |
Nu16-09a | OTHER VERSES | Levites had 2 functions:SERVICE/SONG |
--------- | ---------------- | --------------------------------------- |
#*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2002, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
VERSE: Nu16-11a
RASHIS COVERED: Nu16-11a Ex08-22a Gn30-15a Gn04-13a
Nu04-13a Gn11-06c Gn30-15b Ex23-05a Gn50-19a
HEBREW QUESTION KEYWORDS |
VERY BRIEF SUMMARY
------------------
Nu16-09:11 consists of 4 questions
-- Isnt it enough that you were chosen as Levites serving God?
-- You also seek PRIESTHOOD [?]
-- Therefore (because of lack of PRIESTHOOD) you fight God[?]
-- WHO is Aaron that you complain on him?
There are HEBREW QUESTION KEYWORDS showing that the first
and last sentences are questions. Rashis contribution is to
emphasize that the middle two sentences are also questions. They
are marked with brackets [?]. To understand Rashi we identify
5 HEBREW KEYWORDS that indicate a sentence is a QUESTION
-------------------------------------------
TODAYS RASHI RULE: GRAMMAR
TODAYS RASHI SUBRULE: THE SENTENCE
-------------------------------------------
BRIED DESCRIPTION OF RULE and SUBRULE
-------------------------------------
Most people are familiar with the concept of GRAMMAR. It is
GRAMMAR that tells you how to conjugate verbs, how to place
subject-verb-object into a sentence etc. There are many
popular books on Hebrew grammar.
Most people know that to make a sentence into a question you
place the Hebrew letter HEY before the sentence.
Rashi in fact uncovers not one but 5 QUESTION KEYWORDS
which convert a sentence to a question. They are
-- HEY
-- ISNT IT ENOUGH
-- BEHOLD
-- WHAT/WHO
-- PERHAPS
Rashi also advanced the idea that the sentences surrounding
a question may inherit the question status from the nearby
sentences.
STANDARD REFERENCES FOR THIS RULE
---------------------------------
The standard reference for the Rashi dictionary is the
Rashiyomi grammar page located at
http://www.RashiYomi.com/grammar.htm
The standard paper on the 6 Rashi rules is
http://www.RashiYomi.com/rules-01.htm
TODAYS LISTS
------------
Below, please find two lists: The first list contains
several verses where Rashis contribution is to interpret
them as QUESTIONS vs SENTENCES. The footnote provide
further detail. The second list summarizes the 5 QUESTION
KEYWORDS with sample verses. |
VERSE | QUESTION KEYWORD | TEXT OF VERSE WITH QUESTION |
Nu16-11a | ISNT IT ENOUGH*1 | You want priesthood?This is the fight? |
Gn30-15a | ISNT IT ENOUGH*2 | You take my mandrakes? |
Ex08-22a | BEHOLD..NOT*3 | BEHOLD we offer lambs-wont they killus |
Gn04-13a | BEHOLD*4 | My sin is to big to bear? |
Gn11-06c | BEHOLD..NOT*5 | They wont build the tower? |
Ex23-05a | PERHAPS*6 | Perhaps you see & dont help? |
Gn50-19a | PERHAPS*7 | Perhaps you think I think I-am God |
| | |
| | |
COMMENTS |
*1 ISNT IT ENOUGH YOU ARE LEVITES
You seek Priesthood also?
Therefore you are congregating on God?
WHAT has Aaron done that you should complain against him
*2 ISNT IT ENOUGH YOU TOOK MY HUSBAND?
You are going to take my sons mandrakes also?
*3 BEHOLD WE OFFER THE deity OF EGYPT--the LAMB--in Egypt?
They will not stone us?
*4 My sin is to big to bear?
BEHOLD YOU HAVE BANISHED ME..ANYONE FINDING ME WILL KILL ME
*5 BEHOLD THEY ARE ONE NATION & ARE BUILDING A TOWER (OF BABEL)
Nothing will stop them?
*6 PERHAPS YOU WILL SEE SOMEONES DONKEY OVERBURDENED...
and you wont help them?*10
*7 PERHAPS YOU THINK I THINK I AM GOD*10
LONGER FOOTNOTES |
*10 Since the Hebrew word KI has 7 meanings we can inquire
if there is some way of recognizing when KI means PERHAPS
The answer seems to be that if the verse in question
-- has a contradiction
-- indicates a question
then the word KI should be interested as PERHAPS
Let us use this principle to examine the two verses
above.
Ex23-05 states
------------------------------------------------
KI you see the donkey of your enemy overburdened
and you will abstain from helping him
you should help him
------------------------------------------------
Notice the contradiction (DONT HELP vs HELP) this
suggests that the sentence is rhetorical
-------------------------------------------------------
WHEN you see an overburdened donkey YOU WONT HELP HIM?
-------------------------------------------------------
This in turn justifies interpreting KI as PERHAPS
-------------------------------------------------------
PERHAPS you see an overburdened donkey YOU WONT HELP HIM?
-------------------------------------------------------
The next verse is Gn50-19a. In addition to haveing the
Hebrew word KI it also has the hebrew letter HEY which
indicates a question. These TWO factors---KI + HEY--
justifies translating the KI as PERHAPS
| |
QUESTION KEYWORDS |
This is a summary of the 5 keywords indicating questions
|
VERSE | QUESTION KEYWORD | TEXT OF VERSE WITH QUESTION |
Nu16-11a | ISNT IT ENOUGH*1 | You want priesthood also? |
Ex08-22a | BEHOLD..NOT | BEHOLD we offer lambs-wont they killus |
Ex23-05a | PERHAPS*2 | Perhaps you see & dont help? |
Nu16-11 | WHAT/WHO(MAH) | WHO is Aaron that you should complain? |
Gn03-11 | Hebrew HEY | HAVE You eaten from Tree of Knowledge? |
| | |
COMMENTS |
*1 The whole text is as follows
--------------------------------
Isnt it enough you are levites?
You want priesthood?
This is what you fight about?
--------------------------------
*2 As indicated in the long footnote above to justify translating
the Hebrew KI as PERHAPS the verse must have
-- a contradiction indicating a rhetorical nature
-- the Hebrew HEY indicating a question
|
RASHI RULE USED: GRAMMARr
#*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2002, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
VERSE: Nu16-03b
RASHIS COVERED: Nu16-03b Nu16-03c
GENERAL-DETAIL STYLE |
VERY BRIEF SUMMARY:
-------------------
In Nu16-03 Korach argues against Moses rule as follows
- All Jews are HOLY
- They have had PROPHETIC REVLELATION (At the 10 commandments)
- So why then do you rule over us
Note the capped words: HOLY and PROPHETIC REVELATION.
The word HOLY is a GENERAL NON-SPECIFIC VAGUE TERM
The phrase PROPHETIC REVELATION is SPECIFIC and DETAILED.
Thus the above verse uses the GENERAL-DETAIL style. Korach
argued that the Jews were HOLY ENOUGH TO HAVE HEARD THE 10
COMMANDMENTS and hence Moses had no justification in ruling!
------------------------------------------------------
TODAYS RASHI RULE: THE RABBI ISHMAEL STYLE RULES
TODAYS RASHI SUBRULE: GENERAL-DETAIL STYLE
------------------------------------------------------
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF RULE AND SUBRULE
-------------------------------------
Some Rashis deal with GRAMMAR or MEANING. But other Rashis
deal with STYLE. The Great Talmudic Sage Rabbi Ishmael,
laid down 3 style rule classes which divide into a dozen
or so rules.
Today we deal with the GENERAL-DETAIL style.
When using this style the verse first states something
GENERALLY and then repeats the requirement SPECIFICALLY.
The Rabbi Ishmael Style rules then demand that the verse
be interpreted STRICTLY as applying to ONLY THE DETAILS
This requirement of STRICT interpretation is not because
of grammar or meaning or even because some word in the
verse is extra: Rather, it is a requirement of style.
STANDARD EXAMPLE
----------------
The simplest example I could find occurs at Nu05-12
-----------------------------------------------------------
GENERAL: When a woman DESCECRATES her marriage
DETAIL: [by] committing ADULTERY
-----------------------------------------------------------
STUDENT EXERCISES:
-----------------
-- Suppose you didnt want to interpert the verse strictly?
How could you interpret the verse BROADLY? (The answer to
this question facilitates understanding what not to do)
-- How would you apply the Rabbi Ishmael requirement
of STRICT INTERPRETATION to Nu05-12
RASHIS SOLUTION
---------------
-- WE FIRST SHOW HOW TO INTERPRET THE CHAPTER BROADLY
The chapter if not interpreted strictly COULD refer
to a woman who descecrates her marriage by (a) insulting
her husband in public or (b) flirting with other men.
That is, if we werent required to interpret the chapter
strictly we COULD HAVE required the suspected-woman
ceremony to ANY descecration of marriage.
-- WE NEXT SHOW HOW TO INTERPRET THE CHAPTER STRICTLY
The above chapter (Nu05) dealing with the Suspected
woman ceremony ONLY APPLIES IF THE WOMAN WAS SUSPECTED
OF COMMITTING ADULTERY. For example if the woman descecrated
her marriage by insulting her husband or flirting with other
men there is no justification for performing the suspected
woman ceremony. IN other words Nu05-12 is interpreted STRICTLY
STANDARD REFERENCES FOR THIS RULE
---------------------------------
http://www.Rashiyomi.com/example4.htm
You can also revu the whole Rabbi Ishmael style
series at http://www.RashiYomi.com/ishmael.htm
Finally you can visit the Daily Rashi calendar at
http://www.RashiYomi.com/calendar1.htm The Rabbi Ishmael
series occured during August and September 2000.
To related documents on the GENERAL-DETAIL style are
http://www.RashiYomi.com/example5.htm
http://www.Rashiyomi.com/example6.htm
HOW TO USE THESE LISTS FOR SCHOOL PROJECTS
------------------------------------------
You can use the LISTS referenced above for
school projects. Here is how. If you are a
teacher then you can present the verses with
the general-specific-general style
and ask the students to perform the
2 student exercises listed above.
The students can then compare their analysis with that
of Rashis. This leads to greater appreciation of Rashi.
TODAYS LIST
--------------
Please find below examples of verses in the GENERAL-DETAIL
form taken from http://www.Rashiyomi.com/example4.htm.
The GENERAL term is CAPPED in the 2nd column---the STRICT
INTERPRETATION of this general term is CAPPED in the 3rd column |
VERSE | GENERAL PHRASE | DETAIL PHRASE |
Nu05-12d | A women DESCECRATES her marriage | By doing ADULTERY |
Nu16-03b | The Jews are HOLY | They SAW God at Sinai |
Nu03-06a | Levites SERVE Aaron | By WATCHING temple |
Dt02-04a | WATCH yourself when meeting Esauv | Dont START WAR |
Gn09-11a | I will make a CONVENANT | I wont DESTROY world |
Dt06-06a | LOVE the Lord thy God | By LEARNING Torah |
RASHI RULED USED: EXAMPLE4
#*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2002, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
#*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2002, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
VERSE: Nu16-09a
OTHER VERSES: MORE DETAILS |
---------------------------------------
TODAYS RASHI RULE: OTHER VERSES
TODAYS RASHI SUBRULE: FURTHER DETAILS
---------------------------------------
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE RULE and SUBRULE
-----------------------------------------
The rule of OTHER VERSES simply means that Rashi
is explaining one verse by citing an OTHER VERSE
One way of doing this is to cross reference a
verse that speaks about the SAME topic but gives
FURTHER details.
STANDARD EXAMPLE
----------------
The following example comes from the Passover
Hagaddah
Dt26-05 states that
-------------------------------
With only a FEW PEOPLE did the
Jews go down to Egypt
-------------------------------
FURTHER DETAILS on the meaning of
the Biblical phrase FEW PEOPLE is
provided in Gn46.
EXERCISE:
---------
Before reading the Rashi try reading
Gn46 yourself and see if you can
discover the further details.
RASHIS SOLUTION
---------------
Rashi cites Gn46-27
-----------------------------
The total number of people who
came with Jacob to Egypt is 70
-----------------------------
Thus the Rashi method of OTHER VERSES
in this case has explained to us that
the FEW PEOPLE that went down to
Egypt refers to SEVENTY people
STANDARD REFERENCES FOR THIS RULE
---------------------------------
http://www.Rashiyomi.com/other-20.htm
HOW TO USE THESE LISTS FOR SCHOOL PROJECTS
------------------------------------------
You can use the LIST below for school projects.
Here is how, if you are a teacher then you
can present the verse in the first column
(eg Dt26-05) and the CHAPTER (but not the verse)
in the 3rd column---e.g. Gn46.
The student is then instructed to discover
the further details. The students solution
can then be compared with Rashis.
TODAYS EXAMPLE
--------------
We bring Nu16-09a which speaks about the LEVITES SERVING
and STANDING. Skillful use of an other verse 1C23-27:32
shows that the Levites had two types of functions: Temple
service (Like slaughtering animals) and SINGING SONGS
OF PRAISE. The other examples come from the RashiYomi series. |
VERSE | TEXT OF VERSE | OTHER VRSE | DETAILS |
Nu16-09a | Levites have 2 functions | 1C23-27:32 | Song & Service*1 |
Nu04-47a | Levites have 2 functions | 1C23-27:32 | Song & Service*1 |
Nu04-47b | Levites have 2 functions | 1C23-27:32 | Song & Service*1 |
Lv13-46a | Expel lepor from CAMP | Dt24-09 | Leprosy-slander*2 |
Lv14-03a | Expel lepers from CAMP | Lv13-46 | From all 3camps |
Lv13-46b | Expel lepers from CAMP | Lv13-46 | From all 3camps |
Nu05-02b | Expel impure from CAMP | Ex13-19 | impure to dead |
Lv01-12a | the THANK YOU OFFERING | Ps127-01 | 4specific cases |
Lv01-05a | Slaughter Sacrifice | 2Chr30-17 | A Levite Can |
Ex17-10b | Chur | 1Ch2-18:19 | Kalevs son |
Ex35-30a | Chur | 1Ch2-18:19 | Kalevs son |
Ex24-14c | Chur | 1Ch2-18:19 | Kalevs son |
Dt26-05d | A FEW Jews came to Egypt | Gn46-27 | 70 people came |
Gn21-23b | I treated you NICELY | Gn20-15 | I gave you LAND |
Dt25-13b | Dont have big STONES | Lv19-36 | Big STONE WEIGHTS |
Gn26-05e | because ABRAHAM OBEYED | Gn22-18 | He offered Isaac |
Lv10-03a | Rligious death snctifies | Ex29-43*8 | Justice Emphasis |
| | | |
| | | |
COMMENTS |
*1 For an almost identical Rashi comment see
http://www.Rashiyomi.com/nu04-47a.htm
In both Nu04-47a and Nu16-09a the verse contains two clauses
--(Nu16-09) To SERVE & To STAND
--(Nu04-47a)To BEAR & To SERVE
The repeated phrase by itself might not mean anything
particular (Perhaps it is a Biblical idiom).
That is Rashi was not inferring nuances from the extra phrases
Rather Rashi was inferring nuances from OTHER VERSES such as
1C23-27:32 which explicitly lists two types of Levite service
-- Singing songs of praise to God
-- Helping with Temple activities
(like slaughtering sacrifices)
Some other relevant verses are 1Ch15 and 1Ch16 or 1C06-17
which shows that the singing of praises by the Levites is
called a SERVICE
*2 It would be best to cite both verses Dt24-08:09
which form 1 Biblical paragraph
-----------------------------------------------------
Carefully observe the laws of leprosy as the priests
direct you. Remember what God did to Miriam on your
journey from Egypt
-----------------------------------------------------
The fact that one Biblical paragraph cites BOTH
Leprosy and Miriam who sinned by slandering Moses
easily suggests that Leprosy is a punishment for
the sin of slander. (Other Biblical impurities
however, like childbirth, are not considered
punishments)
Using this other verse we understand why the
Lepor is isolated and expelled from all 3 camps
To cites Rashis own language
---------------------------------------------
This lepor slandered people and broke up marriages
Just as he isolated husbands and wives so is
he made isolated (So he should know what it feels
like and repent)
---------------------------------------------
|
RASHI RULE USED: OTHER VERSES
#*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2002, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
THE 6 RASHI RULE CLASSES(Version 3.2 Dec 15 2001)
http://www.Rashiyomi.com/rules-01.htm
Copyright Dec 2001, RashiYomi Inc. Dr Hendel President
========================================================
THE DICTIONARY RULE: Rashi can function as a dictionary.
He presents 2-6 meanings of words
REFERENCE: http://www.RashiYomi.Com/words.htm
========================================================
* EXAMPLE 1: AL means ON. AL can also mean
- WITH (Eat Passover WITH matzoh Ex12-09e)
- IN (Place the Matzoh IN the basket Ex29-03)
- TO (The boards shall be even from bottom TO top Ex26-24c)
- NEAR (His borders will be NEAR Tzison Gn49-13b)
- AFTER(Offer Peace offerings AFTER the daily Lv03-05a)
* EXAMPLE 2: KI means IF,PERHAPS,RATHER,BECAUSE,WHEN,THAT
Gn18-15a Gn24-33a
* EXAMPLE 3: YDA means FAMILIAR, not KNOW (eg Dt34-10a)
eg Gn04-01 Adam was FAMILIAR with his wife
* EXAMPLE 4: ON THE FACE OF means DURING THE LIFETIME
Nu03-04a Gn11-28a Ex20-03c Dt05-07a
===========================================================
THE GRAMMAR RULE: Rashi comments on RARE or SIMILAR usages
REFERENCE:http://www.RashiYomi.Com/grammar.htm
===========================================================
* EXAMPLE 1: BA-ah means CAME;ba-AH means COMING(Gn46-26a)
* EXAMPLE 2:THE SENTENCE: 0.2% of Biblical sentences are 2verses
-(Dt11-07:08) It was not your fathers who saw this;rather you
* EXAMPLE 3: Hitpael has different rules if 1st root letter is
Tzade (USE: Ni-Tz-Ta-Dack not Ni-Th-Tza-Dack--Gn44-16a)
================================================================
THE CITATION RULE: Rashi enriches meaning by citing OTHER verses
REFERENCE:http://www.RashiYomi.Com/other-20.htm
================================================================
* EXAMPLE 1: Dt26-05d We went down to Egypt with A FEW PEOPLE
ENRICHED by Gn46-27: We went down with 70 people
* EXAMPLE 2: Lv01-05a Non-priests may SLAUGHTER offerings
This law DERIVED from explicit statement in 2Chr30-17
* EXAMPLE 3:Why does Rashi say that Chur is Miriams son(Ex17-10b)
DERIVED from possible interpretation of 1-Chr18-19
* EXAMPLE 4: Gn35-22a Reuven Slept with Bilhah(Fathers concubine)
Gn49-04 Reuven PLAYED with fathers BEDS
CONCLUSION: Reuven inteferred with fathers personal
life(ruffled bedspreads); Bible condemns Reuven by
exaggeration; he is accused of incest which he didnt do
=================================================================
THE 3 RABBI ISHMAEL RULES: They govern style(broad vs literal)
REFERENCE:http://www.RashiYomi.com/example1.htm thru example9.htm
=================================================================
* EXAMPLE 1: Simple sentences are always GENERALIZED
---------------------------------------
Dt25-04a Dont MUZZLE an OX while it is THRESHING
Rabbi Ishmael: Dont STOP any ANIMAL from eating
while DOING ITS WORK
* EXAMPLE 2: GENERAL-EXAMPLE style always interpreted LITERALLY
--------------------------------------------------
Nu05-12d (GENERAL) If a women DESECRATES her marriage
(EXAMPLE) and commits ADULTERY
Rabbi Ishmael: Nu05 only applies to ADULTERY.
It does not apply to other marriage DESECRATIONS
* EXAMPLE 3: GENERAL-EXAMPLE-GENERAL style intepreted SIMILARLY
--------------------------------------------------
Lv05-21b (GENERAL) If a man DENIES under oath
(EXAMPLE) ..denies a deposit,loan,theft,wages,lost item
(GENERAL) or ANY DENIAL which he denies
RABBI ISHMAEL: These laws apply to any SIMILAR Example
* The law applies to partnerships, movables and monetary objects
* The law does not apply to real-estate or slander
=================================================================
THE CLIMAX RULE: The Bible should be interpreted in such a manner
that it reflects CLIMACTIC development to a goal
REFERENCE: http://www.RashiYomi.Com/example9.htm
=================================================================
EXAMPLE 1: Dt19-11a If a man HATES, SPIES, CONFRONTS & KILLS
RASHI: Bible identifies 4 stages to murder(Capped)
==============================================================
THE FORMATTING PRINCIPLE: Bible had its own method to mimic
bold, bullets, footnotes, paragraphs
==============================================================
* BOLD: Bible REPEATS words to obtain BOLD emphasis effect
http://www.RashiYomi.Com/doubl-14.htm
--------------------------------------------------------------
EXAMPLE 1:(Ex12-09c) COOK COOK it in water (So COOKED is bold)
INFERENCE: Prefered to COOK it in water;
But COOK It at all costs(Even if you dont have water)
* BULLETS: Bible indicates bullets by REPEATING KEYWORDS
--------------------------------------------------------
Who am I
- THAT I should go to Pharaoh
- THAT I should take the Jews out of Egypt (Ex03-11a)
--------------------------------------------------------
RASHI: Repeated word THAT creates BULLET effect
- Pharoh was a difficult king (Bullet one)
- Jews were not yet ready for freedom (Bullet two)
* FOOTNOTES: The Bible indicates FOOTNOTES by ALMOST DUPLICATING
verses but making small minor changes
http://www.RashiYomi.Com/align-58.htm
---------------------------------------------------------------
EXAMPLE: Ex20-03a
VERSE PHRASE #1 PHRASE #2 PHRASE #3
------- --------- --------- ------------------
Ex20-03 Dont POSSESS the gods of others
Ex20-04 Dont MAKE idols
RASHI: So both POSSESSion & MAKING of idols are prohibited
---------------------------------------------------------------
End of Rashi is Simple Digest
|
#*#*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi, 2001 Inc. Dr. Hendel President #*#*#*#*#