*1 Over the next year or so we will be writing modules for
   the 2-4 dozen basic Rashi skill competencies needed for
   learning Rashi. These modules will then be gathered into
   a workbook which can be used at home or in schools In
   the meantime each of these modules is usable in actual
   schools or home-schooling situations.

*1 Rashi ingeniously derives the meaning of the root Nun-aleph
   using two methods.

   FIRST: He uses the methods of LISTS OF COMPARABLE VERSES
   The above list shows that N-A means to create doubts

   SECOND: Rashi uses a comparative ALIGNMENT method.
   Indeed, Nu30 discusses 3 cases of VOW ANNULMENT
   (a) FATHER-DAUGHTER (b) HUSBAND-WIFE (c)HUSBAND-DIVORCEE
   But the Bible
   - in one verse uses the word N-A (DOUBT)
   - in another verse uses the word Y-F-R(BREAK)
   - in a 3rd verse uses both words N-A and Y-F-R

   Hence the alignment justifies the idea that N-A means
   to create doubt.

   Here is that list from Nu30
  --------------------------------------------------------------
  VERSE   RELATIONSHIP    WORDS USED: N-A(DOUBT) or Y-F-R(break)
  ------- --------------- --------------------------------------
  Nu30-06 Father-daughter If her father ANNULS(N-A) the oath
  Nu30-09 Husband-Wife    If her husband ANNULS/BREAKS the oath
  Nu30-13 Husband-divorce If her husband BREAKS the oath
  ---------------------------------------------------------------

  The astute reader will ask: But in this context N-A means
  TO DESTROY the vow--not to create DOUBTS.

  The answer is that under Jewish law you DESTROY a vow
  by creating DOUBTS!! If a person comes to a Rabbi with a vow
  the Rabbi explores unforseen circumstances till he creates
  a DOUBT in the mind of the VOWER---only then can the Rabbi
  annul it.

  Thus we have a beautiful unity of LANGUAGE and LAW

*10 The Hebrew word NA which means PLEASE also illustrates this.
    You use the word PLEASE when someone doesnt want to do
    something and you wish to CREATE DOUBTS in his denial

    It would be incorrect to translate N-A=PLEASE as ANNUL.
    If you had the power to ANNUL someones decrees you wouldnt
    be saying PLEASE!

    Thus this word confirms that NUN-VUV-ALEPH means
    TO CREATE DOUBT

*1 In the following verses the root Tzade-Ayin-Dalet means
   FOOTSTEP. This justifies associatiing the jewelry TZAAD
   with the FEET (FEET BRACELETS)

   ------------------------------------------------------------
   VERSE   TEXT OF VERSE with Tzaad TRANSLATED as TIP TOED
   ------- ----------------------------------------------------
   Gn49-22 Girls tip-toed over the walls (to see Joseph)
   Ps68-08 God when you went OUT when you STEPPED in the desert
   2S6-13  When the ark bearers walked a few STEPS they offered
   Ps37-23 The FOOTSTEPS of man come from God
   ------------------------------------------------------------

*2 The following verses explicitly associate the word BRACELET
   with the HAND
   ----------------------------------------------------------
   VERSE   TEXT OF VERSE WITH bracelets ASSOCIATED WITH hands
   ------- --------------------------------------------------
   Gn24-22 he placed two BRACELETS on her HAND
   Ex16-11 ...BRACELETS on HANDS and NECKLACES on the NECK...
   ----------------------------------------------------------

   As the following verse shows the root TZAAD means to CLASP
   ---------------------------------------------------------
   Nu19-15 All OPEN utensils without a CLASP surrounding it
   ---------------------------------------------------------

*3 Ez16-11:12 contains a list of 5 pieces of jewelry
   ---------------------------------------
   Jewelery        Organ placed on
   --------------- -----------------------
   Bracelets       on the hands
   Necklaces       on the neck
   Nose Rings      on the nose
   Earings         on the ears
   Diadem/Tiara    on the head
   ---------------------------------------
   This justifies associating EARINGS with the EAR

*4 As Ez35-22 shows, the CUMAZ (Belly rings) was worn by
   respectable people and was not eg jewelry only worn
   by prostitutes.*11

   We have numerous times defended Rashis 2-letter root theory
   by positing that Rashi believed both
   -- in a 3 letter root theory which governed FORM
   -- in a 2 letter root theory with governed MEANING

   That is the meaning of every 3 letter root may be obtained
   by decomposing the 3 letter root into a 1 and 2 letter root.

   In this particular case the letter CAPH means LIKE
   For example the word KAV (PAIN) has an etymology
   that PAIN is LIKE A DESIRE/WANTING
   (The commonality being that they are both emotions that
   drive; the difference being that PAIN drives AWAY
   while dESIRE drives TOWARDS)

   Here is a list of sample roots where KAPH means LIKE
   ----------------------------------------------------------
   ROOT   MEANS = Kaph=Like      Meanings of 2 letter root
   ----- ------ - -------------- ----------------------------
   K-A-V (Pain) = K (like)       A-V(a wanting)
   K-B-D (Heavy)= K (like)       B-D(isolated)
   K-D-R (Ball) = K (looks like) D-R(bundled bonfire sticks)
   L-C-Sh(Deny) = K (Like)       ChS(Silence)
   K-M-Z (Belly)= K (Like)       Z-M(Sexual heat)
   ----------------------------------------------------------
   For further details see *11

*10 To famous Biblical earing Chapters (that is Biblical chapters
    with lists of earings) are
    - Isa03-18:24 with a list of 24 jewelry pieces
    - Ez16-11:12 Ear with a list of 5 jewelry pieces


*11 I would suggest the following hypothesis
   - In the modern world we have TWO TYPES OF DRESS
     -- Dress worn in public and private like fancy gowns
     -- Dress only worn in intimate surroundings(e.g.lingerey)

   - The Biblical world had TWO TYPES OF JEWELRY
     -- Jewelry worn in both public and private
     -- Jewelry only worn in intimate surroundings

   The belly rings would probably fit into this category--
   it was used the same way certain types of lingerey were used--
   that is it was worn on intimate occasions but not in public.

*12
   Some historical notes are worth mentioning.
   - Rashi himself does not bring down the etymology of KZM

   - The etymology is mentioned by the MIDRASH RABBAH

   - The MIDRASH RABBAH explains KZM as
     HERE(k) is SEXUAL HEATS (zayin) PLACE(M=Makom)

   - Thus my suggested etymology LIKE(k) SEXUAL HEAT(ZMH)
     is similar

   - Note that the word is KMZ not KZM. But I would suggest
     that a letter reversal took place -- KMZ vs KZM --
     intentionally in the interests of modesty. Letter
     reversal is quite common in Hebrew words---e.g.
     Simlah=salmah; Keves=Kesev;